Quantifying AI's Role in Conflict Resolution: Assessing Its Potency in Mediation and Peacekeeping

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i5.7610

Keywords:

Conflict resolution metrics, real-world applications, ethical considerations, legal frameworks, future trends.

Abstract

Objectives: This research evaluates AI's efficacy in conflict resolution, focusing on mediation and peacekeeping. It comprehensively assesses AI's role through metrics, real-world applications, and comparative analysis with traditional methods, while also exploring ethical considerations, legal frameworks, and future trends.

Methods: Employing a multidisciplinary approach, this study conducts a comprehensive literature review across fields like computer science, political science, and ethics. It synthesizes insights from existing research, empirical evidence, and practical experiences to understand AI's complexities in conflict resolution.

Results: AI's potential in conflict resolution is vast, but ethical concerns and reliability must be addressed for sustainable peacebuilding. AI can analyze vast data, identify root causes, and suggest solutions, but biases in data and accountability concerns must be addressed to harness AI's potential fully.

Conclusions: AI integration in conflict resolution requires a balanced approach considering ethical, legal, and technical aspects. Future trends suggest research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and clear guidelines for responsible use.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

- Guterres, A., & Secretary-General, U. N. (2018). Secretary-General calls on Central African Republic authorities to identify, prosecute those responsible for spate of deadly attacks. The United Nations. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/8983868/secretary-general-calls-on-central-african-republic-authorities-to-identify-prosecute-those-responsible-for-spate-of-deadly-attacks/

Abbott, R., & Elliott, B. S. (2023). Putting the Artificial Intelligence in Alternative Dispute Resolution. Amicus Curiae, 4(3), 685–706. https://doi.org/10.14296/ac.v4i3.5627

Abedin, A., Bais, A., Buntain, C., Courchesne, L., & ... (2023). A Call to Arms: AI Should be Critical for Social Media Analysis of Conflict Zones. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv …, 1–12. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.00810%0Ahttps://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.00810

Abrams, Z. (2023). AI is changing every aspect of psychology. Here’s what to watch for. Monitor on Psychology, 54(5), 46. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/07/psychology-embracing-ai

Agus, A., Sudirman, S., Umar, W., & Rustan, A. (2023). The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Dispute Resolution Through Arbitration: The Potential and Challenges. SASI, 29(3), 570. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v29i3.1393

Ahmad, Z., Rahim, S., Zubair, M., & Abdul-Ghafar, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, current applications and future role with special emphasis on its potential and promise in pathology: present and future impact, obstacles including costs and acceptance among pathologists, practical and philosoph. Diagnostic Pathology, 16(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-021-01085-4

Ali, M. B. (2022). A Systematic Review of Information Technologies to Assist Policymaking in Crisis Management. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9815-3.ch001

Aloisi, A., & De Stefano, V. (2023). Between risk mitigation and labour rights enforcement: Assessing the transatlantic race to govern AI-driven decision-making through a comparative lens. European Labour Law Journal, 14(2), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525231167982

Amadei, B. (2019). Engineering for peace and diplomacy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205646

Arana-Catania, M., van Lier, F.-A., & Procter, R. (2022). Supporting peace negotiations in the Yemen war through machine learning. Data & Policy, 4, e28. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2022.19

Ashraf, C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and the rights to assembly and association. Journal of Cyber Policy, 5(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1778760

Attanasio et al. (2020). Inequality in socio-emotional skills: A cross-cohort comparison. Journal of Public Economics, 104171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.10417

Aydoğan, R., Baarslag, T., Fujita, K., Mell, J., Gratch, J., de Jonge, D., Mohammad, Y., Nakadai, S., Morinaga, S., Osawa, H., Aranha, C., & Jonker, C. M. (2020). Challenges and Main Results of the Automated Negotiating Agents Competition (ANAC) 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 12520 LNAI, 366–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66412-1_23

Aydoğan, R., Baarslag, T., & Gerding, E. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Conflict Resolution. Group Decision and Negotiation, 30(4), 879–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09738-x

Baarslag, T., Hendrikx, M. J. C., Hindriks, K. V., & Jonker, C. M. (2016). A survey of opponent modeling techniques in automated negotiation. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS, 575–576.

Baarslag, T., Kaisers, M., Gerding, E. H., Jonker, C. M., & Gratch, J. (2017). Computers That Negotiate on Our Behalf: Major Challenges for Self-sufficient, Self-directed, and Interdependent Negotiating Agents. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10643 LNAI, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71679-4_10

Bankins, S., & Formosa, P. (2023). The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work. Journal of Business Ethics, 185(4), 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05339-7

Bello, T. (2017). Online Dispute Resolution Algorithm; Artificial Intelligence Model as a Pinnacle. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3072245

Beysolow II, T. (2018). What Is Natural Language Processing? Applied Natural Language Processing with Python. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3733-5_1

Bilich, J., Varga, M., Masood, D., & Konya, A. (2023). Faster Peace via Inclusivity: An Efficient Paradigm to Understand Populations in Conflict Zones. ArXiv, abs/2311.0. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264935317

Bing Hu, Y. W. (2023). Unlocking Causal Relationships in Commercial Banking Risk Management: An Examination of Explainable AI Integration with Multi-Factor Risk Models. Journal of Financial Risk Management, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.4236/jfrm.2023.123014

Bird, E., Fox-Skelly, J., Jenner, N., Larbey, R., Weitkamp, E., & Winfield, A. (2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives. In European Union (Issue March). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank

Bjola, C. (2019). Diplomacy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence | USC Center on Public Diplomacy. USC University of Southern California. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/diplomacy-age-artificial-intelligence

Blom, N., Fadeeva, A., & Barbosa, E. C. (2023). The Concept and Measurement of Violence and Abuse in Health and Justice Fields: Toward a Framework Aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Social Sciences, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060316

Bonell, C., Allen, E., Warren, E., McGowan, J., Bevilacqua, L., Jamal, F., Legood, R., Wiggins, M., Opondo, C., Mathiot, A., Sturgess, J., Fletcher, A., Sadique, Z., Elbourne, D., Christie, D., Bond, L., Scott, S., & Viner, R. M. (2018). Effects of the Learning Together intervention on bullying and aggression in English secondary schools (INCLUSIVE): a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2452–2464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31782-3

Bowman, J. (2016). Roads: An Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise by Penny Harvey and Hannah Knox. In Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 56, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2016.0038

Buch, A. M., Eagleman, D. M., & Grosenick, L. (2022). Engineering Diplomacy: How AI and Human Augmentation Could Remake the Art of Foreign Relations. Science & Diplomacy. https://doi.org/10.1126/scidip.ade6798

Candeias, T. D. J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence’s Role in Enhancing Conflict Resolution within the Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) System. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4559439

Carneiro, D., Novais, P., Andrade, F., Zeleznikow, J., & Neves, J. (2014). Online dispute resolution: an artificial intelligence perspective. Artificial Intelligence Review, 41(2), 211–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9305-z

Carneiro, D., Novais, P., & Neves, J. (2014). Conflict Resolution and its Context: From the Analysis of Behavioural Patterns to Efficient Decision-Making. Springer. https://books.google.com/books?id=fpLIAwAAQBAJ&pgis=1

Chongcs, J., Kathiarayan, V., Chong, J., & Sin, C. (2023). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Strategic Decision-Making Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications for Managers in the Digital Age. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 11(May), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7919645

Clarke, A., Waddell, S., & Fischer, F. (2020). Supporting children’s wellbeing & social skills as they return to the classroom. Early Intervention Foundation.

Connor, C. W. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Anesthesiology. Anesthesiology, 131(6), 1346–1359. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000002694

Council, U. H. R. (2014). The right to privacy in the digital age - Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. In UN Doc A/HRC/27/37.

Cunningham-nelson, S., Boles, W., Trouton, L., & Margerison, E. (2019). A Review of Chatbots in Education: Practical Steps Forward. Proceedings of the AAEE2019 Conference Brisbane, Australia, 1–8. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134323/

Dafoe, A., Hughes, E., Bachrach, Y., Collins, T., McKee, K. R., Leibo, J. Z., Larson, K., & Graepel, T. (2020). Open Problems in Cooperative AI. ArXiv:2012.08630 Search... http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.08630

Dahan, N. M., Doh, J. P., Oetzel, J., & Yaziji, M. (2010). Corporate-NGO collaboration: Co-creating new business models for developing markets. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 326–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.11.003

De Lemos, R., & Grzes, M. (2019). Self-adaptive artificial intelligence. ICSE Workshop on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, 2019-May(April), 155–156. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAMS.2019.00028

Dempere, J. M., Modugu, K. P., Hesham, A., & Ramasamy, L. K. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on higher education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1206936

Department of Industry Science and Resources. (2024). Safe and responsible AI in Australia consultation: Australian Government’s interim response. https://consult.industry.gov.au/supporting-responsible-ai

Devitt, S. K., Scholz, J., Schless, T., & Lewis, L. (2023). Developing a trusted human-AI network for humanitarian benefit. In Digital War (Vol. 4, Issues 1–3). https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-023-00063-y

Dorigo, W. A. (2016). CubeSats and Space Diplomacy : Accelerating Development by Utilizing the International Space Station for Earth Observation Satellite Deployment. Environmental Technology & International Affairs.

Druet, D. (2021). Enhancing the use of digital technology for integrated situational awareness and peacekeeping-intelligence. United Nations Department of Peace Operations.

Duursma, A., & Karlsrud, J. (2018). Predictive peacekeeping Opportunities and challenges. NUPI Policy Brief, 10(2014), 1–4.

Ebers, M. (2022). Automating due process - the promise and challenges of AI-based techniques in consumer online dispute resolution. In Frontiers in Civil Justice (pp. 142–168). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802203820.00015

Elkhatat, A. M., Elsaid, K., & Almeer, S. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy of AI content detection tools in differentiating between human and AI-generated text. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-023-00140-5

Englebert, P. (2016). Conflict in the democratic Republic of Congo. In Routledge Handbook of Security Studies: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753393

Engwall, L. (2016). The Internationalisation of Higher Education. European Review, 24(2), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798715000575

Ermakova, E. P., & Frolova, E. E. (2022). Using Artificial Intelligence in Dispute Resolution BT - Smart Technologies for the Digitisation of Industry: Entrepreneurial Environment (A. O. Inshakova & E. E. Frolova (eds.); pp. 131–142). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4621-8_11

Esmaeilzadeh, H., & Vaezi, R. (2022). Conscious Empathic AI in Service. Journal of Service Research, 25(4), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705221103531

Essien, A. E., & Petrounias, I. (2022). An Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Decision-Making Framework for Crisis Management. March, 84–98. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9815-3.ch007

Feijóo, C., Kwon, Y., Bauer, J. M., Bohlin, E., Howell, B., Jain, R., Potgieter, P., Vu, K., Whalley, J., & Xia, J. (2020). Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) to increase wellbeing for all: The case for a new technology diplomacy. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6), 101988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5

Garimella, K., De Francisci Morales, G., Gionis, A., & Mathioudakis, M. (2018). Political discourse on social media: Echo chambers, gatekeepers, and the price of bipartisanship. The Web Conference 2018 - Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2018, 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186139

Georgiadou, E., Angelopoulos, S., & Drake, H. (2020). Big data analytics and international negotiations: Sentiment analysis of Brexit negotiating outcomes. International Journal of Information Management, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102048

Giebelhausen, M., & Poehlman, T. A. (2024). Permissibility vs. Feasibility: AI in service from a CX perspective. Journal of Services Marketing, 38(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2023-0210

Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., Sousa, C., Santos, J., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & Scott, P. (2016). Cultural intelligence and conflict management styles. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(4), 725–742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2015-0923

Greif Green, J., Levine, R. S., Oblath, R., Corriveau, K. H., Holt, M. K., & Albright, G. (2020). Pilot Evaluation of Preservice Teacher Training to Improve Preparedness and Confidence to Address Student Mental Health. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 5(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2020.1727793

Grossmann, I., Feinberg, M., Parker, D. C., Christakis, N. A., Tetlock, P. E., & Cunningham, W. A. (2023). AI and the transformation of social science research. Science, 380(6650), 1108–1109. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi1778

Groth, S. (2017). 3. Negotiating Tradition on the Global Stage. Negotiating Tradition, 2012, 25–52. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.gup.617

Grover, V., Chiang, R. H. L., Liang, T.-P., & Zhang, D. (2018). Creating Strategic Business Value from Big Data Analytics: A Research Framework. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(2), 388–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1451951

Gui, Q., Liu, C., & Du, D. (2019). Globalization of science and international scientific collaboration: A network perspective. Geoforum, 105, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.017

Guo, W., Gleditsch, K., & Wilson, A. (2018). Retool AI to forecast and limit wars. Nature, 562(7727), 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07026-4

Ho, L., Barnhart, J., Trager, R., Bengio, Y., Brundage, M., Carnegie, A., Chowdhury, R., Dafoe, A., Hadfield, G., Levi, M., & Snidal, D. (2023). International Institutions for Advanced AI. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 19. http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.04699

Hochschild, F. (2019). The Secretary-General’s strategy on new technologies. UN Chronicle, 55(4), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.18356/f9699d05-en

Hsu, A., & Chaudhary, D. (2023). AI4PCR: Artificial intelligence for practicing conflict resolution. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(1), 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100002

Huang, R., Zheng, X., Shang, Y., & Xue, X. (2023). On Challenges of AI to Cognitive Security and Safety. Security and Safety, 2. https://doi.org/10.1051/sands/2023012

Huck, W. (2023). Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. In Sustainable Development Goals. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509934058.0015

ICRC. (2022). International Humanitarian Law. In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77954-2_300309

İCRCİ. (1949). The Geneva Conventions of 12 august 1949. Ceneva Conventions, August, 224.

Igbinenikaro, O. P. (2024). FOSTERING CROSS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION IN OFFSHORE PROJECTS: STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICES. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i4.1006

IRRC. (2021). ICRC Position Paper: Artificial intelligence and machine learning in armed conflict: A human-centred approach. https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/ai-and-machine-learning-in-armed-conflict-a-human-centred-approach-913

Jensen, B. M., Whyte, C., & Cuomo, S. (2020). Algorithms at War: The Promise, Peril, and Limits of Artificial Intelligence. International Studies Review, 22(3), 526–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz025

Johnson, A. M., Cunningham, C. J., Arnold, E., Rosamond, W. D., & Zègre-Hemsey, J. K. (2021). Impact of Using Drones in Emergency Medicine: What Does the Future Hold? Open Access Emergency Medicine, 13(null), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S247020

Jones, K. (2023). AI governance and human rights Resetting the relationship (Issue January).

Jonker, C. M., Aydoǧan, R., Baarslag, T., Fujita, K., Ito, T., & Hindiks, K. (2017). Automated negotiating agents competition (ANAC). 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2017, 5070–5072. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v31i1.10637

Joshi, M. (2023). Adaptive Learning through Artificial Intelligence. SSRN Electronic Journal, 4(4), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4514887

Kase, S. E., Hung, C. P., Krayzman, T., Hare, J. Z., Rinderspacher, B. C., & Su, S. M. (2022). The Future of Collaborative Human-Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making for Mission Planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(April). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.850628

Kathuria, A., Kathuria, S., Bansal, A., Gupta, M., & Gehlot, A. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Enhancing its Role in Online Dispute Resolution. 2023 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies (ICDT), 629–632. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDT57929.2023.10150538

Keshav, N. U., Vahabzadeh, A., Abdus-Sabur, R., Huey, K., Salisbury, J. P., Liu, R., & Sahin, N. (2018). Longitudinal socio-emotional learning intervention for autism via smartglasses: Qualitative school teacher descriptions of practicality, usability, and efficacy in general and special education classroom settings. Education Sciences, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8030107

Khin, S., & Kee, D. M. H. (2022). Factors influencing Industry 4.0 adoption. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 33(3), 448–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-03-2021-0111

Klumpp, M., Hesenius, M., Meyer, O., Ruiner, C., & Gruhn, V. (2019). Production logistics and human-computer interaction—state-of-the-art, challenges and requirements for the future. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105(9), 3691–3709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03785-0

Korpela, N. (2021). Michael Guihot and Lyria Bennett Moses (2020). Artificial Intelligence, Robots and the Law, LexisNexis Australia. Law, Technology and Humans, 3(2), 158–159. https://doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2107

Kron, F. W., Fetters, M. D., Scerbo, M. W., White, C. B., Lypson, M. L., Padilla, M. A., Gliva-McConvey, G. A., Belfore, L. A., West, T., Wallace, A. M., Guetterman, T. C., Schleicher, L. S., Kennedy, R. A., Mangrulkar, R. S., Cleary, J. F., Marsella, S. C., & Becker, D. M. (2017). Using a computer simulation for teaching communication skills: A blinded multisite mixed methods randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(4), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.024

Kumari, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). Investigating the dark side of mobile bookkeeping applications: a moderated-mediation approach. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 53(5), 985–1004. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-09-2022-0298

Kutyniok, G. (2023). The mathematics of artificial intelligence. March, 5118–5139. https://doi.org/10.4171/icm2022/141

Lake, B. M., Ullman, T. D., Tenenbaum, J. B., Gershman, S. J., Lake, B. M., Ullman, T. D., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Gershman, S. J. (2016). Building Machines That Learn (Issue 046).

Larson, E. J. (2021). M Y T H of A RT I F I C I A L. Harvard University Press.

Lawton, G. (2023). 8 areas for creating and refining generative AI metrics. Www.Techtarget.Com. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/Areas-for-creating-and-refining-generative-AI-metrics

Liengpunsakul, S. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Development in China. Chinese Economy, 54(4), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2020.1857062

Linkov, I., Galaitsi, S., Trump, B. D., Keisler, J. M., & Kott, A. (2020). Cybertrust: From Explainable to Actionable and Interpretable Artificial Intelligence. Computer, 53(9), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2020.2993623

Lovejoy, C. A., Arora, A., Buch, V., & Dayan, I. (2022). Key considerations for the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare and clinical research. Future Healthcare Journal, 9(1), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2021-0128

M. Arana-Catania, F. A. V. L. R. P. (2021). Machine Learning for Mediation in Armed Conflicts. ArXiv.

Marsa-Maestre, I., Klein, M., Jonker, C. M., & Aydoǧan, R. (2014). From problems to protocols: Towards a negotiation handbook. Decision Support Systems, 60(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2013.05.019

Mehdi Salami. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of international relations. In Ipis. Routledge.

Mehmet, F., Betül, S. *, Sayin, A., Ve, E., Diplomaside, Y., & Rolü, İ. (2013). Old and New Diplomacy and the Role of Communication. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(9), 15–30.

Moore, J. R., & Caudill, R. (2019). The Bot Will See You Now: A History and Review of Interactive Computerized Mental Health Programs. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 42(4), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2019.08.007

Moro-Visconti, R., Cruz Rambaud, S., & López Pascual, J. (2023). Artificial intelligence-driven scalability and its impact on the sustainability and valuation of traditional firms. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02214-8

MSNBC. (2018). Google CEO Sundar Pichai: A.I. More Important To Humanity Than Fire And Electricity | MSNBC - YouTube. MSNBC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxEo3Epc43Y

Muthuraj, & Shrutika Singla. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Medico Legal Update, 23(5), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v23i5.3458

Naser, M. Z., & Alavi, A. H. (2023). Error Metrics and Performance Fitness Indicators for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Engineering and Sciences. Architecture, Structures and Construction, 3(4), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44150-021-00015-8

Nikolaidis, K., Kristiansen, S., Plagemann, T., Goebel, V., Liestøl, K., Kankanhalli, M., Traaen, G. M., Øverland, B., Akre, H., Aakerøy, L., & Steinshamn, S. (2022). Learning Realistic Patterns from Visually Unrealistic Stimuli: Generalization and Data Anonymization (Extended Abstract). IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 5762–5766. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/806

Nish, A., & Naumann, S. (2019). Cyber Threat Landscape: Confronting Challenges to the Financial System. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1–7.

Nyst, C., & Falchetta, T. (2017). The right to privacy in the digital age. In Journal of Human Rights Practice (Vol. 9, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huw026

OAIC. (n.d.). What is privacy? (OAIC) Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from https://www.oaic.gov.au/privacy/your-privacy-rights/your-personal-information/what-is-privacy

Oblizanov, A., Shevskaya, N., Kazak, A., Rudenko, M., & Dorofeeva, A. (2023). Evaluation Metrics Research for Explainable Artificial Intelligence Global Methods Using Synthetic Data. Applied System Innovation, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010026

Ogunseitan, O. A. (2023). Chemicals management approach to sustainable development of materials. MRS Bulletin, 48(4), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-023-00518-3

Okonkwo, C. W., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2021). Chatbots applications in education: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100033

Olsher, D. J. (2015). New Artificial Intelligence Tools for Deep Conflict Resolution and Humanitarian Response. Procedia Engineering, 107, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.083

Paper, D. (2023). Predictive Technologies in Conflict Prevention : Practical and Policy Considerations for the Multilateral System. In United Nations University Centre for Policy Research (Issue June).

Park, J. J., Choe, N. H., Schallert, D. L., & Forbis, A. K. (2017). The chemical engineering research laboratory as context for graduate students’ training: The role of lab structure and cultural climate in collaborative work. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 13, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2017.04.001

Paterson, P. (2015). Conflict Resolution in Colombia. PhD Proposal, 1(1), 1–23.

Paul, W. (2018). Collabotarion What Makes It Work.

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ipHuEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=This+mutual+respect+and+understanding+can+foster+a+sense+of+global+community+and+cooperation&ots=yKuEhtVOhC&sig=lskU2Skc2e6SjLAd_3Mi1qqWdwQ

Perrotta, M. V., Asgeirsdottir, T., & Eagleman, D. M. (2021). Deciphering Sounds Through Patterns of Vibration on the Skin. Neuroscience, 458, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.008

Pham, D., Tran, N. P., Alam, S., Duong, V., Delahaye, D., Pham, D., Tran, N. P., Alam, S., Duong, V., Delahaye, D., Learning, A. M., Pham, D., Tran, N. P., Alam, S., Duong, V., & Delahaye, D. (2019). 13th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar 2019. 13th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar 2019.

Pizzi, M., Romanoff, M., & Engelhardt, T. (2020). AI for humanitarian action: Human rights and ethics. International Review of the Red Cross, 102(913), 145–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383121000011

Pokhriyal, N., & Koebe, T. (2023). AI-assisted diplomatic decision-making during crises—Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Big Data, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1183313

Porayska-Pomsta, K., & Chryssafidou, E. (2018). Adolescents’ self-regulation during job interviews through an AI coaching environment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10948 LNAI, 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93846-2_52

Poria, S., Cambria, E., Bajpai, R., & Hussain, A. (2017). A review of affective computing: From unimodal analysis to multimodal fusion. Information Fusion, 37, 98–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2017.02.003

Qadir, J., Islam, M. Q., & Al-Fuqaha, A. (2022). Toward accountable human-centered AI: rationale and promising directions. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 20(2), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-06-2021-0059

Rahmaniar, W. (2023). FEATURE ARTICLE : AI IN INDUSTRY AI in Industry : Real-World Applications and Case Studies. IEEE Computer Society, 1–9.

Raith, D. (2023). The contest for materiality. What counts as CSR? Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 24(1), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-04-2022-0093

Rajitha, A., K, A., Nagpal, A., Kalra, R., Maan, P., Kumar, A., & Abdul-Zahra, D. S. (2024). Machine Learning and AI-Driven Water Quality Monitoring and Treatment. E3S Web of Conferences, 505, 03012. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450503012

Rastogi, K., Bahuguna, R., Kathuria, S., Gehlot, A., Malik, P. K., & Negi, P. (2023). Technical Intercession of Artificial Intelligence in Solving Online Dispute Resolution. 2023 IEEE Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1109/DevIC57758.2023.10134915

Rathore, M., & Patwa, A. (2020). CONTENT ANALYSIS AND ITS USES IN RESEARCH. SDES-International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 1(3), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.47997/SDES-IJIR/1.3.2020.92-98

RAZEGHI, Y., YAVUZ, O., & Aydoǧan, R. (2020). Deep reinforcement learning for acceptance strategy in bilateral negotiations. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 28(4), 1824–1840. https://doi.org/10.3906/ELK-1907-215

Rego Rodríguez, F. A., Germán Flores, L., & Vitón-Castillo, A. A. (2022). Artificial intelligence and machine learning: present and future applications in health sciences. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw20229

Report. (2020). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in armed conflict: A human-centred approach. In International Review of the Red Cross (Vol. 102, Issue 913). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000454

Review, I., Cross, R., Review, I., & Cross, R. (2020). International law and the military use of unmanned. Harvard National Security Journal, 11(1), 216–265.

Richardson, K. (2015). An anthropology of robots and AI: Annihilation anxiety and machines. In An Anthropology of Robots and AI: Annihilation Anxiety and Machines. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736426

Robinson, E., Egel, D., & Bailey, G. (2023). Machine Learning for Operational Decisionmaking in Competition and Conflict. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. www.rand.org/t/RRA815-1.

Rodríguez-Rangel, H., Morales-Rosales, L. A., Imperial-Rojo, R., Roman-Garay, M. A., Peralta-Peñuñuri, G. E., & Lobato-Báez, M. (2022). Analysis of Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for Real-Time Speed Estimation Based on Vehicle Detection with YOLO. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062907

Roff H.M., D. D. (2018). When is it acceptable to use AI in war? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74(5), 326–331.

Roy, R. (2016). Mediation Tradition in Asia and Legal Framework in India, China, and Other Asian Countries in Comparison With Us and Eu Legal Regulations Riyanka Roy Choudhury Naman Kamdar. June 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311900251

Rudawska, E. (2019). Sustainable marketing strategy in food and drink industry: a comparative analysis of B2B and B2C SMEs operating in Europe. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 34(4), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2018-0171

Salameh, M. T. B., Alraggad, M., & Harahsheh, S. T. (2021). The water crisis and the conflict in the Middle East. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 7(5), 69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00549-1

Sawwalakhe, R., Arora, S., & Singh, T. P. (2023). Opportunities and Challenges for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in the Finance Sector (pp. 1–17). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4483-2.ch001

Schmidt et. al, E. (2021). Final report. National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, February, 1–756.

Secinaro, S., Calandra, D., Secinaro, A., Muthurangu, V., & Biancone, P. (2021). The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a structured literature review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9

Seib, P. (2012). Traditional Diplomacy and the Cushion of Time BT - Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era (P. Seib (ed.); pp. 67–86). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010902_4

Shih, H., & Susanto, E. (2010). Conflict management styles, emotional intelligence, and job performance in public organizations. International Journal of Conflict Management, 21(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444061011037387

Shull, A., Araya, D., Bradshaw, S., Singh Gill, A., Horowitz, M. C., King, M., Mazzolin, R., Medeiros, M., Nieto-Gómez, R., & Vihul, L. (2020). Modern Conflict and Artificial Intelligence. In A CIGI Essay Serie. www.cigionline.org

Smithers et al. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of early life non-cognitive skills on academic, psychosocial, cognitive and health outcomes. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(11), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0461-x

Soldati, P., Ghadimi, E., Demirel, B., Wang, Y., Gaigalas, R., & Sintorn, M. (2023). Design Principles for Model Generalization and Scalable AI Integration in Radio Access Networks. 1–10. http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.06251

Stanley, M., & Blount, P. (2023). The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 18, 92–97. https://brill.com/view/journals/hjd/aop/article-10.1163-1871191x-bja10149/article-10.1163-1871191x-bja10149.xml

Sycara, K. P. (1993). Machine learning for intelligent support of conflict resolution. Decision Support Systems, 10(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(93)90034-Z

T. Bani Salameh, M. (2024). Beyond Borders: Impacts of the Syrian Refugee Crisis on Jordan. In D. S. M. Tsegay (Ed.), Refugees and Migrants - Current Conditions and Future Trends [Working Title] (p. Ch. 0). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005219

Tabassi, A. A., Abdullah, A., & Bryde, D. J. (2018). Conflict Management, Team Coordination, and Performance Within Multicultural Temporary Projects: Evidence From the Construction Industry. Project Management Journal, 50(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972818818257

Tal, A., Gvili, Y., & Amar, M. (2022). The influence of companies’ moral associations on the product consumption experience: The role of moral disgust. Psychology and Marketing, 39(10), 1871–1887. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21704

Tang, Q. (2024). A Case Study on The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education Industry. Icmetss 2023, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-128-9_12

Tang, X., Li, X., Ding, Y., Song, M., & Bu, Y. (2020). The pace of artificial intelligence innovations: Speed, talent, and trial-and-error. Journal of Informetrics, 14(4), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2020.101094

The Pulte Institute for Global Development. (2022). UPHOLDING HUMAN DIGNITY: A LITERATURE REVIEW Findings Report. Catholic Relief Services, March, 3–36.

Todaro, M. E. C., & Stirpe, L. (2017). Teams in small technology-based firms: The roles of diversity and conflict management. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, 12(2), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-27242017000200002

Trainini, J. C. (2013). Ilustración. Revista Argentina de Cardiologia, 81(3), 213. https://doi.org/10.35626/cl.7.2007.102

UNESCO. (2022). From standing out to reaching out: Cultural diplomacy for sustainable development. Cutting Edge. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/cutting-edge-standing-out-reaching-out-cultural-diplomacy-sustainable-development

United Nations. (2023). International Community Must Urgently Confront New Reality of Generative, Artificial Intelligence, Speakers Stress as Security Council Debates Risks, Rewards. Https://Press.Un.Org. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15359.doc.htm

UNIVERSITY NEWS. (2023). Avoid rush to impose strict regulations on AI, says world-leading expert. UNIVERSITY NEWS. https://www.bcu.ac.uk/news-events/news/avoid-rush-to-impose-strict-regulations-on-ai-says-world-leading-expert

Urionabarrenetxea, S., Fernández-Sainz, A., & García-Merino, J. D. (2021). Team diversity and performance in management students: Towards an integrated model. International Journal of Management Education, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100478

Vemuri, V. K. (2020). The AI advantage: how to put the artificial intelligence revolution to work. In Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research (Vol. 22, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2020.1756084

Venugopalan, H. (2016). Understanding the Conflict in Congo. Observer Research Foundation, 139, 1–12.

Verbruggen, M. (2017). Mapping the development of autonomy in weapon systems Article 36 reviews and Emerging Technologies View project Mapping autonomy in weapon systems View project. Sipri. moz-extension://3f4002a0-e7f5-4f78-9925-e91c0c8984ca/enhanced-reader.html?openApp&pdf=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017-11%2Fsiprireport_mapping_the_development_of_autonomy_in_weapon_systems_1117_1.pdf

Vidhya, H., Vidhya, H., Allirani, S., & Allirani, S. (2021). A Literature Review on Electric Vehicles: Architecture, Electrical Machines for Power Train, Converter Topologies and Control Techniques. 2021 International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE). https://doi.org/10.1109/compe53109.2021.9751896

Villegas-Ch, W., & García-Ortiz, J. (2023). Toward a Comprehensive Framework for Ensuring Security and Privacy in Artificial Intelligence. Electronics (Switzerland), 12(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183786

Wangmo, T., Lipps, M., Kressig, R. W., & Ienca, M. (2019). Ethical concerns with the use of intelligent assistive technology: Findings from a qualitative study with professional stakeholders. BMC Medical Ethics, 20(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0437-z

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Report to the Council of Europe, 108. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c

Wen, H., Amin, M. T., Khan, F., Ahmed, S., Imtiaz, S., & Pistikopoulos, S. (2022). A methodology to assess human-automated system conflict from safety perspective. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 165, 107939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107939

WHITEPAPER. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Can Boost Reliability and Speed of Medical Imaging Analysis in Clinical Trials. WHITEPAPER.

Williams, M., & O’Neill, M. G. (2023). The Digital Transformation of UN Peacekeeping and the Role of the Irish Defence Forces. The EU, Irish Defence Forces and Contemporary Security, 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07812-5_13

Wilson-Evered, E., & Zeleznikow, J. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Online Family Dispute Resolution (pp. 17–35). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64645-5_2

Wilson, T. J., Bergman, J., Jackson, A., & Popov, O. B. (2024). Preventing Machines From Lying: Why Interdisciplinary Collaboration is Essential for Understanding Artefactual or Artefactually Dependent Expert Evidence. The Journal of Criminal Law, 0(0), 00220183231226087. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220183231226087

Witt, L., Heyer, M., Toyoda, K., Samek, W., & Li, D. (2023). Decentral and Incentivized Federated Learning Frameworks: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3231363

Xu, R., Sun, Y., Ren, M., Guo, S., Pan, R., Lin, H., Sun, L., & Han, X. (2024). AI for social science and social science of AI: A survey. Information Processing and Management, 61(3), 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103665

Yankoski, M., Theisen, W., Verdeja, E., & Scheirer, W. J. (2021). Artificial Intelligence for Peace: An Early Warning System for Mass Violence BT - Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence (T. Keskin & R. D. Kiggins (eds.); pp. 147–175). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74420-5_7

Zeleznikow, J. (2021). Using Artificial Intelligence to provide Intelligent Dispute Resolution Support. Group Decision and Negotiation, 30(4), 789–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09734-1

Zhang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 23(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-023-02103-9

Zhao, J., & Gómez Fariñas, B. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Decisions. European Business Organization Law Review, 24(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-022-00262-2

Downloads

Published

2025-05-01

How to Cite

Mariyono, D., Maskuri, & Hidayatullah, A. N. A. (2025). Quantifying AI’s Role in Conflict Resolution: Assessing Its Potency in Mediation and Peacekeeping . Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, 52(5), 7610. https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i5.7610

Issue

Section

Political Science
Received 2024-05-07
Accepted 2024-06-25
Published 2025-05-01