The Influence of the Media on the Perception of Endophobia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/Hum.2025.9008Keywords:
Endophobia, media influence, stereotype construction, media literacyAbstract
Objectives: The research aims to explain how media influences the perception of endophobia and contribute to construction of negative stereotypes.
Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining structured surveys conducted with 136 participants from diverse demographic groups in Ecuador to assess awareness and perceptions of endophobia, along with a qualitative content analysis of media outputs to examine framing and narratives. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v.29 for statistical analysis and thematic analysis to understand media influence on endophobia and the formation of stereotypes.
Results: The study's results indicate a limited awareness of the term "endophobia," particularly among younger and less educated individuals. Furthermore, the media's role in exacerbating endophobia was highlighted, with significant differences in perception based on gender, age, and education level. analysis revealed that language used by media significantly affects public perception, particularly among younger individuals, and there is a general dissatisfaction with the quality of journalism regarding endophobia. The findings underscore the need for more responsible and ethical media practices, increased educational efforts to raise awareness about endophobia, and promotion of media literacy to help individuals critically assess media content.
Conclusions: The study concludes that addressing the representation of endophobia in the media is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and cohesive society. Future research should expand the sample size and geographic scope, conduct longitudinal studies, and adopt interdisciplinary approaches to further understand and mitigate the impact of media on endophobia.
Downloads
References
Appel, M., & Weber, S. (2021). Do mass mediated stereotypes harm members of negatively stereotyped groups? A meta-analytical review on media-generated stereotype threat and stereotype lift. Communication Research, 48(2), 151-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217715543
Bécares, L., & Priest, N. (2015). Understanding the influence of race/ethnicity, gender, and class on inequalities in academic and non-academic outcomes among eighth-grade students: Findings from an intersectionality approach. PloS one, 10(10), e0141363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141363
Benitez, E. (2011). La endofobia y su impacto en la cohesión social. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 45(2), 113-129.
Buchanan, N. T. (2011). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(2), 336-337.
Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford University Press.
Cerutti, Á., & González, C. (2010). La mirada sobre el otro. Una aproximación acerca de la percepción de alumnos argentinos sobre la población chilena en Neuquén. Papeles de Trabajo, Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Etnolingüística y Antropología Socio-Cultural, 20, 36-39. https://doi.org/10.35305/revista.v0i24.94
Cohen, S. (2017). Demonios populares y "pánicos morales": delincuencia juvenil, subculturas, vandalismo, drogas y violencia. Editorial Gedisa.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608-630. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.96.4.608
Cupples, J., Medina, G. I., Larios, I., & Lee, D. (2021). Mapeo de actores en la Costa Caribe norte de Nicaragua: un análisis según el género y la identificación étnica y cultural. Universitas Humanística, 90, 1. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.uh90.macc
Dixon, T. L., & Linz, D. (2000). Race and the Misrepresentation of Victimization on Local Television News. Communication Research, 27(5), 547-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027005001
Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current opinion in psychology, 18, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
Dujić, L., & Mesić, D. (2023). Stereotipni prikaz romskog stanovništva u medijima. In medias res: časopis filozofije medija, 12(23), 3873-3891. https://doi.org/10.46640/imr.12.23.7
End, M. (2014). Antigypsyism in the German Public Sphere. Strategies and Mechanisms of Media Communication.[Short Version. Approach, Examples and Findings of the Study. Translated by William Templer]. Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma.
Entman, R. M., & Rojecki, A. (2000). The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. University of Chicago Press.
Feld, J. F. (2014). Making the invisible visible: Essays on overconfidence, discrimination, and peer effects. Maastricht University.
Fleras, A. (2011). The media gaze: Representations of diversities in Canada. UBC Press.
Grinchpun, B. M. (2023). “Chileans First!”: Movimiento Social Patriota, Acción Identitaria and Identitarianism in Chile. In Global Identitarianism (pp. 233-251). Routledge.
García, P. (2019). Endofobia y medios de comunicación: Un análisis crítico. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 45(2), 123-145.
Gilmour, J. (2015). Formation of stereotypes. Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal, 2(1), 67-73.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications.
Hernández, A. C. (2019). The identity of the canary islands: a critical analysis of colonial cartography. Shima, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21463/shima.13.1.07
Hermes, J. (2010). On stereotypes, media and redressing gendered social inequality. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 2(2), 181-187.
Jamil, S., & Retis, J. (2023). Media discourses and representation of marginalized communities in multicultural societies. Journalism Practice, 17(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2142839
Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). Intercultural communication in contexts. McGraw-Hill.
Mastro, D., & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2005). Latino Representation on Primetime Television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(1), 82-95 https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200108
Muñiz, C., Saldierna, A., Marañón, F., & Rodríguez, A. (2013). Screens to see the world. Television stereotypes of the Mexican indigenous population and the generation of prejudice. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (68), 290-308. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2013-978en
Parrott, S., & Eckhart, N. (2021). Stigma in the news: The representation and trivialization of stigma in US news publications. Health communication, 36(4), 440-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1693132
Ravetti, C., Sarr, M., Munene, D., & Swanson, T. (2019). Discrimination and favouritism among South African workers: Ethnic identity and union membership. World Development, 123, 104604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.027
Reny, T., & Manzano, S. (2016). The negative effects of mass media stereotypes of Latinos and immigrants. Media and minorities, 4, 195-212. https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666300882.195
Romero-Rodríguez, L., Moreno, P. D. C., & Toukoumidis, Á. T. (2015). Estereotipos, tópicos y lenguaje de la programación sensacionalista en la televisión: programa «Corazón» de TVE. Alteridad, 10(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v10n1.2015.03
Ruiz, M. (2017). La endofobia en el contexto contemporáneo: Definiciones y perspectivas. Sociología y Cultura, 34(1), 89-102.
Scharrer, E., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2015). Intervening in the media's influence on stereotypes of race and ethnicity: The role of media literacy education. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12103
Schmolke, M. (1990). Stereotypen, Feindbilder und die Rolle der Medien. Communicatio Socialis (ComSoc), 23(2), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.5771/0010-3497-1990-2-69
Signorielli, N. (2009). Minorities representation in prime time: 2000 to 2008. Communication Research Reports, 26(4), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090903293619
Simeunović-Patić, B. (2021). Media stereotyping of vulnerable groups in Serbia. Politeia, 11(21), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.5937/politeia0-32512
Sirin, S. R. (2005). Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 417-453. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003417
Sutkutė, R. (2019). Media, stereotypes and muslim representation: world after jyllands-posten muhammad cartoons controversy. EUREKA: Social and Humanities, (6), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.001054
Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., & Yarchi, M. (2017). The effect of prime time television ethnic/racial stereotypes on Latino and Black Americans: A longitudinal national level study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(3), 538-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1344669
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Power. Palgrave Macmillan
Wozniak, D., & MacNeill, T. (2020). Racial discrimination in the lab: Evidence of statistical and taste-based discrimination. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 85, 101512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101512
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2024-10-28
Published 2025-11-01


