Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences

Examining the Efficacy of Linktree-Supported Social Learning in Developing Expository Text Composition Skills in Indonesia

khaerudin Kurniawan — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study addresses the lack of research on the use of Linktree as a tool for enhancing expository text writing skills. It investigates the effectiveness of a social learning model, supported by Linktree, in improving writing skills in Indonesia. While Linktree is primarily a platform for sharing multiple links, its potential role in supporting writing development has not been extensively explored, particularly in the context of expository writing. The study aims to contribute to the understanding of how digital platforms can enhance writing skills, offering a new perspective on integrating technology into the learning process.

Methods: A quantitative approach was employed using a paired t-test design. The study involved a pre-test and post-test to measure students' writing skills, with significant improvements observed after the intervention.

Results: The post-test results showed that 40% of students scored above 80%, while 50% scored between 70-79%, indicating significant improvement compared to the pre-test results, where 30% of students scored below 50%, 40% scored between 50-59%, and 30% scored between 60-69%. Statistical analysis (Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000) confirmed a significant difference in performance before and after the intervention (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Linktree provided students with access to curated resources, facilitating collaborative learning, peer feedback, and independent exercises. This approach not only enhanced technical writing skills but also increased student engagement, interaction, and motivation during the learning process. These findings suggest that integrating social community-based learning with digital tools like Linktree is an effective strategy for improving expository writing skills in vocational education.

Insights for Japanese Teaching: A Contrastive Analysis of Jikan Kankaku (Time Consideration) between Japanese and Indonesia

Susi Widianti — 2026-01-15

Objectives: Time consideration (jikan kankaku) is an act of considering the time when waiting for someone in a place. It is used to consider how long it will take for the person to arrive and decide if the person is late beyond the promised time. This study aims to discover the similarities and differences in time considerations between Japanese and Indonesians in certain situations.

Methods: The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a comparative study. Data collection techniques used open-ended questionnaires and interviews with Japanese and Indonesian informants. The participants in this study were 39 Indonesians and 20 Japanese.

Results: The results of this study show that most Japanese and Indonesians give time consideration of about 15 minutes to 30 minutes, depending on the individual. In Indonesia, arriving late is common, but it's not so common in Japan.

Conclusion: In Japan, it is considered a virtue to arrive earlier than their appointment time. While Japan's monochronic culture is still deeply rooted today. In Indonesia, some people are still accustomed to a polychronic culture and tolerate someone's late arrival to give consideration to time. However, in certain situations, Indonesian people will also try to arrive at least 5 minutes before the appointment time to avoid being late.

Transformations of Natural Landscape in Contemporary Painting

Monther AlAtoum — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the transformations in the representation of natural landscapes in contemporary painting, highlighting their historical evolution, development, and defining characteristics over time. Additionally, it seeks to examine the impact of contemporary art on the depiction of natural landscapes, focusing on artistic thought, technique, material, style, and structure.

Methods: The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to describe and analyze contemporary paintings of natural landscapes. Nine artworks by a selected group of contemporary artists were purposefully chosen for analysis.

Results: The study reveals a clear evolution in the artistic conceptions of landscape painting when compared to those of the modernist era, as seen in the works of the selected artists. Contemporary artists have used natural landscapes philosophically and aesthetically to inform their artistic expression, style, and message. Moreover, shifts in artistic thought about natural landscapes are accompanied by changes in material and style.

Conclusions: The depiction of natural landscapes has evolved significantly over time, resulting in a diversity of styles and techniques influenced by shifts in artistic thought and cultural contexts. The stylistic diversity in contemporary landscape painting is challenging to categorize into specific artistic schools, movements, or trends, unlike the modernist period. Further research is necessary, encompassing a larger sample in terms of time, place, and artistic experiences. Additionally, there is a need for a comprehensive reference for contemporary artists specializing in natural landscape painting with modern techniques and approaches.

“Al-Jenan Journal” and its Intellectual Cultural Role in the Levant During the Period from 1870-1883 AD

Majeda Imran Abdelmajid — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the role of Al-Jenan magazine in promoting cultural, intellectual, and political awareness during the era of the "Ottoman Organizations." The magazine represented a model of comprehensive journalism in the 19th century and showcased the role of the Levantine press in fostering national awareness. Its coverage of European technological and scientific advancements reflected its contribution to advancing education and culture in the Arab world.

Methodology: The study adopted a historical-analytical approach, focusing on the magazine's objective and temporal scope. Al-Jenan began publication in 1870 and ceased in 1883 following the death of its founder and later editor, Salim Al-Bustani.

Results: The findings revealed that Al-Jenan played a pivotal role in disseminating cultural, educational, social, and political content. It also featured puzzles, mathematical problems, short literary stories, novels, scientific knowledge, and European discoveries in medicine and technical inventions.

Conclusion: Al-Jenan was one of the first comprehensive magazines to promote cultural and civilizational awareness in 19th-century Arab countries. It facilitated the emergence of intellectuals and thinkers who, through newspapers and magazines, presented their cultural and reformist visions in scientific and cultural domains.

The Effects of Food and Drink Councils on Social Life in the First Abbasid Era 132-247 AH / 750-862 AD

Anwar Awda Al-Khalidi — 2026-01-15

Objectives: The research explores the impact of food and drink gatherings on social life during the early Abbasid period (132-247 AH / 750-862 CE). These gatherings, a distinct feature of Islamic civilization, evolved over time and influenced Islamic society, particularly with the advancements in various cultural fields.

Method: The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach. It identifies and describes the research problem, presents hypotheses, and provides evidence supporting those hypotheses.

Results: The research reveals that food and drink gatherings in the early Abbasid period were so widespread that specific rules and practices were established for them. Food and drink were served by cupbearers to guests, and these gatherings played a significant role in the flourishing of poetry and music, often held in the homes of caliphs, ministers, and princes.

Conclusions: The study examines the influence of food and drink gatherings on social life during the early Abbasid period and their impact on Islamic society. It also highlights their role in cultural integration among the diverse cultures within the Islamic state during the Abbasid era.

The Grand Husseini Mosque in Amman - Jordan: Archaeological Architectural Study

Dima Ismail Al-Zou’bi — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This research aims to study the Grand Husseini Mosque, one of the most important landmarks of the city of Amman in early Islamic eras, as the studies that dealt with this mosque are few, in addition to the differences between researchers in determining the historical period for the construction of this mosque, because it went through multiple stages of construction, restoration, and renovation until the 20th century.

Method: This research focuses on the historical and archaeological importance of the Al-Husseini Mosque, identifying the stages of its construction, the boundaries of each stage, studying its plan, and its architectural and decorative elements, and comparing it with other ancient mosques that established in the early Islamic periods.

Results: The comparative study showed that the first section of the mosque, which consists of the Qiblah canopy and the courtyard, dates to the Rashidi Caliphate Era, while the second section, which includes the three corridors surrounding the courtyard of the mosque, dates to the Umayyad Era. This demonstrated by comparing the layout of the mosque with all other similar mosques.

Conclusions: The research concluded that the Grand Husseini Mosque dates to the Rashidun era (14 AH/635 AD) and renovated and expanded in the Umayyad era. It also witnessed rebuilding and construction operations from the Ottoman Era until the present day.

The Extent of Syrian Refugees’ Satisfaction with the Psychosocial Support Services Provided by Organizations in Amman City

Khyriah H. Shnaikat — 2026-01-15

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the satisfaction of Syrian refugees with the psychological and social support services provided by organizations in Amman and to identify the main challenges that Syrian refugees face in accessing these services.

Methods: A descriptive methodology employed to suit the objectives of the study. A convenience sample of 161 Syrian refugees, who are recipients of services from organizations in Amman. Descriptive statistics (percentages and advanced statistical methods) used to analyze the data.

Results: The findings revealed that Syrian refugees expressed high satisfaction with the psychological support services, particularly in acquiring positive behaviors to cope with the challenges of displacement. Satisfaction with social support services was also high, with various programs encouraging refugee participation. However, moderate challenges were identified in accessing these services, particularly concerning specific psychological and social issues. Cultural factors were not a strong motivator for engaging in these services. Additionally, no statistically significant differences in satisfaction were found based on gender, age, education, or health status.

Conclusions: Based on the overall results of the study, Syrian refugees express satisfaction with the psychological and social support services provided to them, despite the challenges they face.

Exploring the Effects of an Ethical Climate on Integrity Development in Malaysia

Mariah Darus Mat Junus — 2026-01-15

Objective: The relationship between the ethical atmosphere and integrity among the officials of Universiti Utara Malaysia is explored in this paper. The growing amount of public complaints about government service delivery systems clearly shows integrity problems. Public complaints indicate the quality of the delivery service system, as they reflect the public's dissatisfaction with government services. Public officials face the primary challenge of enhancing the consciousness of integrity, specifically among leaders. Previous studies reported that organisational systems and procedures compose ethical climate practices. Nevertheless, the connection between the ethical climate and integrity is inconsistent.

Methods: This study used quantitative methodologies and distributed questionnaires to 50 respondents. Thirty respondents from fifty surveys made up the pilot research sample (average response rate: 52%).

Results: The reliability analysis demonstrated that the ethical climate directly influences integrity. The correlation between ethical climate and integrity was 0.599 (p = 0.001 < 0.05). Thus, the hypothesis was supported.

Conclusions: This study's ethical climate centered on organisational members' perception and acceptance of organisational policies and procedures. The results demonstrated that governmental policies and laws effectively established a favorable ethical environment that fostered the promotion of integrity among civil workers. The government significantly emphasizes fostering integrity within the public sector, as it is a fundamental basis for providing transparent and efficient services to the public. Therefore, this study concluded that the practice of integrity could be influenced by implementing an effective, ethical climate and gaining the acceptance of organisational members.

Violence against Women with Disability in the Workplace: A Qualitative Study in Amman

Lamees Daoud Iskandarani — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the nature of violence experienced by women with disabilities in the workplace. It also sought to identify the types of violence, discrimination, and their consequences, as well as the sources of these issues in the Jordanian context.

Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted. The sample, selected purposively, included 15 women with disabilities employed in Jordanian factories. Data were collected using a structured interview guide.

Results: The study revealed that women with disabilities face multiple forms of violence in the workplace, including physical, verbal, moral, and psychological violence. The findings also indicated that workplace discrimination contributes to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression, along with significant social and economic impacts. Additionally, the study identified colleagues and some managers as key perpetrators of violence, with a lack of intervention to protect the victims.

Conclusion: Women with disabilities experience substantial violence and discrimination at work, resulting in adverse psychological, social, and economic outcomes. Colleagues and managers are primary sources of this violence, exacerbated by insufficient protective measures.

Digital Communication and its Impact on the Process of Social Interaction Among Jordanian Youth

Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Adra — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the impact of digital communication on social interaction among Jordanian youth, focusing on its media, emotional, and interactive effects, as well as its influence on virtual identity formation.

Method: A social sample survey was conducted with 504 young men and women, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire.

Results: The study revealed that digital communication plays significant media and intellectual roles, enabling recipients to access information anytime and anywhere via various internet platforms. Emotional and behavioral influences were evident, as digital communication fosters emotional engagement with shared content. Regarding interactive and social compensation roles, digital communication allows individuals to achieve virtually what they might not accomplish in reality, a phenomenon termed "imaginative reality." Furthermore, the formation of virtual identity was observed, where assumed identities facilitate communication in unrealistic social contexts, potentially leading to harmful practices such as excessive gaming, identity fabrication, and withdrawal from the real world.

Conclusions: The study recommends implementing social regulatory policies and legislation to monitor and counteract digital media rumors targeting youth. It also emphasizes promoting positive cultural dimensions and values.

The Psychosocial Challenges Faced by Foster Families of Children Deprived of Parental Care and the Role of the Social Worker: A Qualitative Study in the City of Amman

Lubna Judah Akroush — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the social and psychological challenges facing foster families of of orphaned children and highlight the role of social workers in Amman.

Methods: The study used a qualitative approach in which an interview guide for foster families was constructed. The study targeted all foster families of orphaned children, totaling 1,628 families, based on data from the Ministry of Social Development. A sample of 15 interviews was conducted with parents fostering orphaned children.

Results: The study results showed that revealed that most participants turned to fostering due to infertility, with the support and approval of their families. Their social relationships were reported to be positive with their families, relatives, communities, and schools. Most fostered children were aware of their foster status and accepted it. The study also indicated that families had no fears regarding the emergence of the children's biological parents. All participants emphasized that the fostering process through the Ministry of Social Development was straightforward. Additionally, they reported involving their fostered children in various activities and hobbies, which led to improved psychological well-being for the families and enhanced marital relationships. However, the study highlighted the weak role of social workers during the fostering process and the lack of awareness and educational sessions for families.

Conclusion: The study recommended conducting further research, particularly focusing on the fostered children themselves, activating the role of social workers with foster families and fostered children, and organizing guidance and awareness sessions for foster families.

Perceived Self-Efficacy and its Relation with Self-Vitality and Self-Esteem among Deaf Students at Prince Ali Center for the Deaf in Jordan

Yahya Hussain Al-Qatawneh — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify perceived self-efficacy and its relationship with self-vitality and self-esteem among Deaf Students at Prince Ali Center for the Deaf in Jordan.

Methods: The study population consisted of all deaf students affiliated with Prince Ali Clubs for the Deaf in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, aged (16-18 years). A simple random sample of (151) male and female deaf students affiliated with Prince Ali Clubs for the Deaf in Jordan was selected during the academic year 2023/2024. Their consent was obtained to participate in this study as sample individuals. An appointment was also set with them at Prince Ali Clubs for the Deaf in the governorates of Irbid, Amman and Zarqa. Then, a sign language interpreter translated the texts of the tools and explained how to fill out the questionnaire after applying the study tools.

Results: The results showed that the level of perceived self-efficacy of deaf students was low with an arithmetic mean of (2.29±0.403), and the level of self-vitality of deaf students was average with an arithmetic mean of (3.22±0.424), while the level of self-esteem of deaf students was low with an arithmetic mean of (2.30±0.312). The study results also showed that there were no differences in the level of perceived self-efficacy, self-vitality, and self-esteem of deaf students attributed to the variable (gender).

Conclusion: The study results asserted the notion that perceived self-efficacy has a strong affinity with the level of self-vitality and the level of self-esteem among deaf students.

Determinants of Jordanian Voters' Participation in the 20th Parliamentary Elections

Abdul Baset Al-Azzam — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the determinants influencing Jordanian voters’ participation in the 20th parliamentary elections.

Methods: A descriptive social survey approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire that covered seven key determinants: value-based, inclusionary, material, reinforcement, partisan, empowerment, and benefit-based. The sample comprised 1,032 male and female voters from northern Jordan, and the analysis was conducted within the framework of social exchange theory.

Results: The findings revealed that voters’ decisions to participate in the elections were influenced by value-based determinants, including transparency, fairness, and integrity of the electoral process. Inclusionary determinants such as ensuring citizens’ rights to vote and run for office, along with women’s participation as voters or candidates, also played a significant role. Benefit-based determinants involved providing high utility to citizens and maintaining a legitimate electoral system. Reinforcement determinants were linked to fostering a secure environment for democratic engagement. Partisan determinants reflected the role of party identity in voter training, while empowerment determinants focused on supporting marginalized women and qualified candidates. Lastly, material determinants related to electoral demands for sponsorship, public jobs, and future benefits also had an impact.

Conclusions: To enhance voter participation, parliamentary elections must prioritize transparency, credibility, and fairness. Creating a secure democratic environment that guarantees the right to vote and run for office, supports party-based participation, and empowers women and marginalized groups is essential for fostering broader electoral engagement.

The Role of Nutrition Education in Physical Education Programs: Sports as one of the Sustainable Development Goals

Nashwan A. Nashwan — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the role of nutrition education within physical education programs and its impact on students' well-being while contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goals 3, 5, 11, 16, and 17.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The sample included 350 male and female students from seventh to tenth grades and 50 sports teachers from government schools in Irbid Governorate.

Results: The findings revealed a strong connection between sports and sustainable development within the educational framework. The study emphasized the importance of sustainable food systems in preserving the environment, enhancing food security, and reducing food waste. It also highlighted the need to educate and raise awareness among future generations to promote healthy, sustainable dietary practices.

Conclusions: The researcher recommends conducting workshops in schools to raise awareness of the significance of sports in achieving SDGs. Further research is encouraged to explore the correlation between sports and sustainable development.

The Role of Social Workers in Family Acceptance of Released Female Prisoners

Hammad Ali Al-Hammadi — 2026-01-15

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the actual role of the social worker in facilitating the family’s acceptance of a released prisoner. It also aimed to identify the obstacles faced by the social worker in addressing the family's refusal, as well as to propose solutions to help develop plans for assisting the prisoner.

Methods: The researchers employed the social survey method, utilizing a questionnaire to collect data. The study population consisted of 45 social workers employed in prisons.

Results: The study found that social workers effectively communicate and make efforts to support the prisoner's family and strengthen their relationship with the prisoner. It revealed the diverse roles played by social workers to rehabilitate and assist the female prisoner from the moment of her entry into the correctional facility until the end of her sentence. The study identified that family rejection, neglect, and the perception of the prisoner’s behavior as socially defective were the most significant obstacles contributing to her repeated incarceration. The findings also indicated that social workers were often unable to make certain decisions related to the female prisoner and were burdened with excessive administrative tasks.

Conclusions: The study concluded that social workers play essential roles with released women and their families, despite facing numerous obstacles. It recommended training specialists on the findings of this study to improve the acceptance chances for released women.

Employing Artificial Intelligence in Producing Media Content in Jordanian TV Channels

Abdelbaset Ahmad Alabed Alrahman — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the degree of utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in producing media content on Jordanian television channels, the areas of their application, and the factors influencing their adoption.

Method: A survey method was employed, targeting media professionals from Roya TV, Al-Mamlaka TV, and Jordan TV, using an equal quota sample of 210 individuals.

Results: The findings revealed that Jordanian TV channels show significant interest in AI technology and actively use it in media content creation. Fixing linguistic and spelling issues emerged as a primary application of AI. Additionally, AI technologies were found to enhance creativity and innovation in media production, with advanced computers and Internet servers forming the backbone of infrastructure. Channels anticipated using AI to access data and information more efficiently. Social encouragement among colleagues played a significant role in AI adoption, while workers' lack of experience with AI-based visual content creation posed a notable challenge.

Conclusion: The study recommends that Jordanian television channel administrations organize training workshops to equip employees with AI usage skills in media production. Furthermore, providing advanced technical infrastructure, such as virtual studios, is essential due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to save time and effort.

Interactivity in Palestinian and Jordanian Bank Websites According to the Criteria of Dialogic Communication Theory: A Comparative Study

Mahmoud Mohammad Mustafa Khlouf — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the media strategies employed by the Bank of Palestine and Bank of Jordan websites to support their content and to identify similarities and differences in their approaches to interactivity. Additionally, it sought to highlight key indicators of dialogic communication on these websites.

Methods: The study employed quantitative and statistical methods within a descriptive research framework to collect, organize, and analyze data. It also utilized media survey and comparative methods to achieve the study objectives and facilitate a scientific comparison between the two websites.

Results: The findings revealed a general weakness in the use of interactive services, with a notable absence of supporting media services despite their significance for users. While both websites partially adhered to principles of interactive communication and presented banking topics in a manner suited to the digital medium, significant gaps remained in enhancing user engagement.

Conclusion: The study highlights the interactivity features of the Bank of Palestine and Bank of Jordan websites through the lens of dialogic communication theory. It was observed that both websites lacked emphasis on ease of navigation and effective interaction with users.

Virtual Influencers in Social Media Marketing: Toward a Systematic Understanding of Their Impact

Mohammed Khasawneh — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study examines the growing trend of "virtual influencers"—computer-generated avatars that mimic human appearance, personality, and behavior—in influencer marketing. It aims to analyze their role on platforms like Instagram as alternatives to human influencers and to identify key themes and gaps in the existing literature.

Methods: A systematic mapping study was conducted to collect, classify, and analyze research on virtual influencers. This approach provided a structured understanding of current trends and insights within the body of knowledge.

Results: The study identified 22 relevant research articles, revealing a notable rise in academic interest over the past three years. Key themes include ethical considerations, challenges in deploying virtual influencers, and factors influencing their effectiveness in marketing communication.

Conclusions: Virtual influencers are emerging as transformative tools in digital marketing, yet unresolved challenges remain. This study highlights the need for further research into ethical concerns, their impact on consumer behavior, and strategies to optimize their integration into marketing. The findings underline their potential to revolutionize digital marketing while providing a foundation for future research.

Government Crisis Communication in Academic Perspective: A Bibliometric Study of Scientific Publications

FX Ari Agung Prastowo — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study reviewed and examined various aspects of government crisis communication, emphasizing several subject areas, including crisis communication, risk management, and social media influence.

Methods: The study used bibliometric analysis to examine the trends and patterns of publications in government crisis communication. A comprehensive analysis of general information on government crisis communication, most productive countries, most popular scholarly sources, most productive affiliations, funding sources, most influential authors, and frequently occurring keywords revealed that “crisis communication” was the dominant issue. Other frequently occurring keywords were “COVID-19,” “risk communication,” “trust,” and “social media.”

Results: The study highlighted the importance of government communication and the role of digital channels such as Twitter in disseminating information during a crisis. Leading institutions, including the University of Maryland and Nanyang Technological University, and leading scholars participated in the study. However, there are certain limitations; industrialized countries predominantly influence research and social media.

Conclusions: Recommendations include formulating new ideas on crisis communication, researching non-digital media, and enhancing regional coverage. This research provides broader insights into how crisis communication strategies and their relevance to future crisis communication management continue to change and become increasingly complex.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Counseling in Alleviating Passive Rebellious Behavior among Teenagers

Basim (Mohammad Ali) Aldahadha — 2026-01-15

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) counseling in reducing negative rebellious behavior among male adolescents.

Methods: The sample consisted of 60 students from the 9th and 10th grades at Ibn Zaydoun School in Irbid City, during the second semester (2022/2023). Their ages ranged from 15 to 17 years. They were randomly divided into four groups: two experimental groups and two control groups, with 15 students in each group. The experimental groups were combined as one group, and the control groups were also combined. The Negative Rebellious Behavior Scale and the CBT counseling program, consisting of 14 sessions (two sessions per week, one hour per session), were applied. The study tool was used to record pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements.

Results: The results indicated statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in reducing negative rebellious behavior, in favor of the experimental group for the post-test measurement (F = 11.05, p < .001) as well as for the follow-up measurement (F = 24.10, p < .012).

Conclusions: The results confirmed the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in reducing negative rebellious behavior among adolescents. Furthermore, there is a need for further experimental studies to explore the effectiveness of CBT counseling in reducing negative rebellious behavior among adolescents.

The Relationship between Type D Personality and Some Psychological variables Related to Diagnostic Significance among Clinical and Non-clinical Samples

Ibrahim bin Qasem Hakami — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the relationship between personality type (D) and some psychological variables related to diagnostic significance suchas social anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms. The study also aimed to reveal and reveal the differences in these variables in light of their interaction with personality type (D).

Methods: The study was conducted on clinical and non-clinical samples, consisting of (120) individuals, including (65) as a non-clinical sample from the staff of Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, and (55) from the outpatient clinic of Irada Complex as a clinical sample. To achieve the study’s objective, the Personality Type (D) Scale, the Beck Depression Scale, the Physical Complaints List, and the Social Anxiety Scale were used.

Results: The study results showed statistically significant positive associations between type (D) in its various dimensions and psychological variables (social anxiety in its multiple dimensions, depression, and somatic symptoms) that were statistically significant in the clinical sample. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences between the clinical sample and the non-clinical sample in type (D) in favor of the clinical sample. The study also revealed differences between high and low type (D) personality in social anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in favor of high type (D) personality.

Conclusion: The study recommended using the Personality Type (D) scale as a test to measure an individual’s predisposition to be inflicted with mental illness.

The Relative Contribution of Causal Attribution and Academic Procrastination to Future Anxiety Among University Students Expected to Graduate

Khawlah Khalifah Albarjas — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the predictive ability of causal attribution and academic procrastination on future anxiety among students expected to graduate from Al-Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.

Method: A descriptive methodology was employed, utilizing scales for causal attribution, academic procrastination, and future anxiety. The study sample included 480 male and female students expected to graduate.

Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between causal attributions (internal stable, internal unstable, and external stable) and future anxiety, while a positive correlation emerged between external unstable attributions and academic procrastination with future anxiety. Furthermore, most dimensions of causal attributions and academic procrastination were predictive of future anxiety. Specifically, the coefficient of determination for internal unstable attributions, external stable attributions, external unstable attributions, and academic procrastination were 7%, 3%, 24%, and 32%, respectively. However, internal stable attributions did not significantly predict future anxiety. Additionally, external unstable causal attributions varied by gender, favoring males.

Conclusion: Based on the results, the study recommends leveraging the dimensions of causal attribution and academic procrastination to develop interventions aimed at reducing future anxiety among prospective graduates.

The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Privatization and Job Security Among Employees in Saudi Government Sectors

Ibrahim Ahmad Alyahya — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attitudes toward privatization and job security among employees in Saudi government sectors targeted by the privatization program.

Methods: A descriptive, correlational, and comparative approach was employed, involving a sample of 469 employees from government sectors undergoing privatization. Two scales were used: a researcher-developed scale to assess attitudes toward privatization, and De Witte’s Job Insecurity Scale (2000; 2005), translated and adapted by the researcher, to measure job security.

Results: The findings revealed a positive correlation between attitudes toward privatization and job security. No significant differences were observed between men and women regarding attitudes toward privatization or job security. Similarly, no differences were found based on demographic factors such as age, experience, or education, except that younger employees exhibited more favorable attitudes toward privatization.

Conclusions: Positive attitudes toward privatization were associated with greater perceptions of job security among government employees. Additionally, younger employees demonstrated higher favorability toward privatization. Other demographic variables showed no significant impact on job security or attitudes toward privatization.

Code- Switching and its Implications in Arabic Texts

Abdelmonem Gedamy — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This research aims to clarify the concept of code-switching in sociolinguistics and analyze this phenomenon through Arabic texts. The study seeks to identify linguistic differences within these texts to understand the implications embodied in these variations.

Methods: The research employs an analytical descriptive methodology to examine the phenomenon of code-switching in contemporary Egyptian and Palestinian Arabic. It explores various contexts to uncover the meanings and functions associated with this linguistic phenomenon.

Results: Code-switching serves to express social meanings, convey specific values, and act as a stylistic tool to create particular effects on the audience. It carries rhetorical functions that influence public perception. Switching to colloquial Arabic often aims to make political discussions more relatable and accessible to the public, fostering a sense of inclusivity. Conversely, switching to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) symbolizes power, authority, formality, and objectivity. As noted by J. Gumperz, code-switching frequently occurs in quotations, as seen in poetry where popular traditions are integrated within classical linguistic frameworks to evoke emotions and cultural resonance. While MSA is linked to formality and objectivity, colloquial language fosters intimacy and informality.

Conclusion: Speakers use code-switching strategically to align their speech with their audience, enhancing relatability and communication effectiveness. The stylistic variations in an individual’s speech reflect the social dynamics and variations present in specific contexts

The Stylistic Features in the Literary Works of Arab Poets with Disabilities

Radwan Mohammad Eazolli — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aims to explore the issues addressed by poets with disabilities, such as discrimination, personal identity, and the challenges they face, with a focus on the linguistic and stylistic dimensions of their poetry.

Method: The study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the linguistic and stylistic characteristics of poetry by poets with disabilities. It includes eleven Arab poets and examines elements like titles, introductions, themes, imagery, meter, and rhyme, while also exploring the aesthetic aspects and unique features of their works.

Results: The findings show the societal goals of disabled poets and how they deal with their condition, demonstrating a close relationship to the philosophy of ancient disability poets, whose challenges are comparable despite the variations in historical periods. Additionally, the research emphasises how handicapped people are portrayed in literature, highlighting their incorporation as important members of society. It also demonstrates how society's ideas of disability are shaped by the aesthetic richness and thematic depth of disability literature.

Conclusions: The research emphasises the value of disability literature in illuminating the problems and experiences of people with disabilities, including social obstacles, prejudice, and personal identity. It helps bring attention to the problems that poets with disabilities experience and is a step in the right direction towards changing how society views these people and promoting a greater appreciation of their literary and cultural achievements.

The Elegy of Al-Fāri’ah al-Shaybāniya’s “Al-Fāiya”: An Analytical Reading

Hind bint Abdul Razzaq Al-Mutairi — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the artistic features of al-Fāriʻah Al-Shaybāniya’s “Al-Fāiya” and unearth its underlying themes. The study also aimed to to analyze the poem, examine its artistic features and themes, and pinpoint its aesthetic features. It also aimed to show how the elegy of Al-Shaybāniya resembles or differs from that of al-Khansā’ in lamenting her brother al-Waleed bin Tareef.

Methods: The study used the analytical approach to conduct its aesthetic approach on the verses of Al-Shaybāniya’s “Al-Fāiya.”

Results: The study results showed that Al-Shaybāniya’s lamentation poetry enjoys a powerful language that goes in line with the poetess’ strength and courage as well as the strength of her brother who represents the kharijites who revolted against Caliph Harun Al-Rashid throughout Aljazirah, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, until he was killed by Yazid bin Mazyed Al-Shaybāni. His death marked an occasion for the emergence of many literary texts in Abbasid poetry such as the poet Muslim bin al-Waleed who mentioned him in his praises.The study results also showed that poem’s amalysis reveals the notion that the poem does not conform to the artistic features of Kharijite poetry.

Conclusions: The study urges researchers to examine the lamentation poetry of Kharijite women and compare it with that of men to unearth the similatities that bind them together or the differences that set them apart.

The Employemnt of the Letters of Meanings and the Pronoun Referentiality between Contextual Usage & Textual Reference: An Induction & Analysis of Deducted Saying Evidences in "Kitāb az-Zāhir" by Ibn alʼAnbārī (D. 328 AH)

Basma Abdal Allah al-Osaimi — 2026-01-15

Objectives:This study aimed to explore two components of Arabic speech i.e. the letters of meanings and pronouns, which have a proximity in linguistic functionality and semantic characteristics. These two components serve the function of conjunction and linking in the context of speech.

Methods: The study used a descriptive approach. The approach was based on observing the deducted saying evidences in "Az-Zāhir fī Maʻānī Kalimāt an-Nās" by Ibn alʼAnbārī and analyzing them since those evidences represent a a linguistice event that is succinct in its structure and correlations

Results:The study results showed the strong affinity between the letters of meanings and pronouns. The results also showed that the context helps those components perform their functions whether on the level of the structural form or the semantic one. The functions varied between conjunction and linking, whether the conjunction is dependent on the state of correlation and the compnent’s lack of the other to complete meaning, or the linking came as a result of conflict between ambiguity and clarity; an aspect which requires reference to the described event or one of its elements.

Conclusions:The study asserts the notion that the context plays an important role is dispelling the state of ambiguity or obscurity or semantic lack.

Temporal Structure in "Hadith Isa Bin Hisham" By Al-Muwaylihi In Light of Gerard Genette's Theory

Ali Kamel Ali Alsharef — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This research aimed to examine the temporal structure in Hadeeth Isa Ibn Hisham by Al-Muwaylihi in light of Gérard Genette’s theory, to reveal its semantic and aesthetic dimensions. The study addresses the lack of sufficient modern narrative analysis of this text, which has often been studied as a representation of the beginnings of traditional Arabic storytelling.

Methodology: The research followed a descriptive-analytical approach, employing Gérard Genette’s concepts to explore the relationship between narrative time and story time, alongside insights from critics focused on narrative techniques, particularly those related to temporal aspects. It further examined the temporal structure in Hadeeth Isa Ibn Hisham, analyzing levels of temporal construction and the interplay between narrative time, characters, and space.

Results: The study revealed key temporal features in Hadeeth Isa Ibn Hisham, including deviations such as flashbacks (analepsis) and foreshadowing (prolepsis), which effectively capture temporal motion and sequence. Narrative pacing techniques like summary, ellipsis, scene, and descriptive pause regulate the story's rhythm, alternating between speed and slowness.

Conclusion: Despite its classical roots, Hadeeth Isa Ibn Hisham incorporates advanced narrative techniques related to time, such as temporal deviations and manipulations. These methods serve critical social purposes, reflecting Al-Muwaylihi’s awareness of modern narrative structures and highlighting his significant contribution to establishing Arabic narrative art with exceptional skill.

From Literature of the Sacred to the Sanctity of Literature: A Study of Problems and Formation

Sallami Abdeddayem — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study examines the literary relationship between sacred and artistic texts, focusing on their mutual influence in form and content. A key goal is to explore the dynamics of impact and exchange between them.

Methods: The study employs a comparative approach, analyzing religious themes in Western literature and artistic elements in sacred texts. It examines selected Western poetry and draws from the Quran and Hadith.

Results: The study highlights that literary texts derive much of their eloquence from sacred texts and their mythical connotations, while sacred texts incorporate artistic structures in their narratives. It also reveals that sacred texts contain rich metaphorical and artistic elements that inspire literary imagination, particularly in Western literature.

Conclusion: The study recommends engaging with sacred texts not only for their religious significance but also for their literary qualities, which can enrich literary studies and open new research avenues.

The Impact of AIPAC on US Foreign Policy Directions towards the Israeli War on the Gaza Strip (2023-2024)

Moyasser Musallam Suleiman AlHawaneah — 2026-01-15

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the positions of the US President Joe Biden administration towards the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip (2023-2024) and to examine the role of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) in strengthening US support for Israel during this conflict.

Methods: The study employs an analytical approach, a decision-making approach, and a historical approach to achieve its objectives and answer its questions.

Results: The findings reveal that AIPAC plays a crucial role in sustaining bipartisan support for Israel's military actions in the Gaza Strip, ensuring that backing for Israel remains a central issue for US legislators. The US response to the Israeli war has exposed its double standards, as it politically, diplomatically, financially, and militarily supports Israel, while ignoring the widespread civilian casualties in Gaza and dismissing international and UN calls for a ceasefire.

Conclusion: Given the significant influence of AIPAC on US foreign policy towards the Palestinian issue, particularly evident in the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip, it is imperative to activate the role of the Arab lobby to exert pressure on American decision-makers and promote fair policies concerning the Palestinian cause.