Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences

Structural and Technical Narrative Components in Sultan Al-Owais' Poetry

Marah Husni Al-Daqqa — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This research focuses on the narrative structure in the poetry of Sultan Al-Owais. It concentrates on studying the structural and technical components that underpin the poet’s works. The study highlights selected examples to illustrate narrative elements and their prominence in Al-Owais’s poetry, characterizing him as a traditional poet belonging to the 20th-century literary scene in the United Arab Emirates.

Methods: The research adopts a textual approach to trace the structural and technical components in Sultan Al-Owais’s poetry, analyzing their meanings and impact on his poetic expression.

Results: The study examines the narrative structure in the poetry of Emirati poet Sultan Al-Owais, uncovering the primary structural elements present in his works, such as introductions, events, characters, and settings. It also identifies key narrative techniques employed by Al-Owais, including flashback, foreshadowing, monologue, and dialogue, and evaluates their influence on his poetry. These elements reflect his poetic experience, which revolves around themes of love, homeland, and the sea.

Conclusion: The research concludes that Sultan Al-Owais’s poetry incorporates narrative elements that reveal his poetic experience and articulate his intended themes. This is evident through the structural components and narrative techniques he employed, showcasing the depth and purpose of his poetic endeavors.

Rhetorical Rationalization of Restrictive Style in Surat Fussilat

Aya Abdullah al-Tahrawi — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study focuses on addressing one of the styles of semantics, namely the restrictive style (Restrictive), through research and analysis within the contexts of the Makkan Surah Fussilat. It explores two methods, namely limitation (Innama) and exception after negation to identify the rhetorical purposes of this expression according to the nature of semantics and contextual references. The aim is to contribute a new rhetorical study to the Arabic language library. This is an excerpt from a larger study titled The Restrictive Style in the Surahs of Ha Mim: A Contextual Study.

Methods: This study adopts both inductive and deductive approaches by sequentially tracing the occurrence of restrictive sentences (Restrictive) in the surah under investigation. It then analyzes these sentences in their specific contexts to uncover their rhetorical significances within the text.

Results: The study concluded that when one of the two methods of the restrictive style is used in Surah Fussilat, it is employed in such a way that the expression could not be conveyed using the other method. This commitment to the sanctity of the text is followed by the application of these structures to the semantic principles of the restrictive style as established by scholars of rhetoric and theology.

Conclusion: The study of Quranic structures is considered one of the most significant avenues for understanding the rhetorical inimitability of the Quran. This is achieved by examining the unique characteristics of these structures and the subtle meanings they convey.

Phonemic theft in the Arabic letter (‘ayn) of the quadrilateral forms

Ahmed Ibrahim Bani Ata — 2026-01-01

Objectives: To identify the phonemic theft of the quadrilateral root letter in Arabic dictionaries, locate words where the letter ‘ayn is believed to have been added, demonstrate that abstract trilateral verbs are derived from quadrilaterals with ‘ayn as the root rather than an additional letter, examine the processes by which speakers omit the ‘ayn from quadrilateral verbs, and highlight the constraints of the speaker's speech and auditory systems that contribute to this phonemic fading.

Methods: The study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach that was well-suited to the nature of the problem. This method helped demonstrate the phonemic theft of the quadrilateral root letter, establish the derivation of trilateral verbs from quadrilaterals, and explore the pathways of fading, allowing for an assessment of the validity of hypothesis.

Results: The study revealed that the phonemic theft of the root letter ‘ayn’ is influenced by factors such as the phonetic difference between ‘ayn’ and neighboring sounds, limitations of the speech apparatus, the impact of friction on phonemes, the ability to extend sounds, and pronunciation conflicts related to muscle effort, phonemic rank.

Conclusions: This study explores the phonemic theft of the letter ‘ayn in the quadrilateral root of Arabic words, focusing on terms where ‘ayn is thought to be added. As one of the most distinct and pleasant-sounding Arabic letters, this study argues that abstract trilateral verbs containing ‘ayn are derived from quadrilaterals, with ‘ayn as the root rather than an augmentation, stolen for phonetic, physical, and phonetic reasons.

Indefiniteness of the Subject in the Nominal Sentence: A Pragmatic Study

Nabeel Hraiz — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study examines the pragmatic intentions behind the indefiniteness of the subject in a nominal sentence, within the requirements of communication, contextual situation, the speaker's intent, and the effect of the indefiniteness on the receiver.

Methods: The study adopts a pragmatic approach to analyze the phenomenon of indefiniteness in the subject. It begins with a brief overview of this phenomenon in traditional grammatical studies, which considered the definition of the subject as the norm, and set conditions for its indefiniteness, mostly based on the syntactic rules of the sentence in isolation from its pragmatic context. This led to confusion and artificial constraints, prompting a reconsideration from a pragmatic perspective, supported by evidence from Arabic texts where the subject is indefinite, and analyzing theses texts pragmatically.

Results: The study concludes that indefiniteness of the subject serves intentional, communicative, and pragmatic purposes, related either to the speaker, the context, or the receiver, which justify the subject being indefinite.

Conclusion: The indefiniteness of the subject in the nominal sentence in Arabic serves specific purposes for the speaker, it is driven by contextual and communicative needs, and has an impact on the receiver.

Challenges Facing the Professional Preparation of Social Workers for the Labor Market: A Qualitative Study

Haya Hussein Tarawneh — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to reveal challenges facing professional preparation of social workers for labor market.

Methods: A qualitative approach was used. The study community consisted of expert social workers working in social institutions. A purposive sample was selected, represented by 13 social workers specializing in social work and experienced in field under the title (social worker, case manager). A guide for individual interview was built as a main tool.

Results: The study reached a set of results: weakness of personal capabilities that qualify social workers for labor market and failure to establish foundations for accepting the specialist in profession, which measures his/her desire and psychological and social readiness for field. As for the theoretical preparation, some of the taught courses are insufficient, especially those related to specialization areas and their levels. Regarding the practical readiness, the study showed weakness in some institutions ability to train social specialists, to provide students with field knowledge and skills, in addition to the lack of interest of some field supervisors in transferring their expertise to students during training period.

Recommendations: setting standards for accepting students in social work field that measure their desire and personal readiness to practice profession, in addition, developing study plans that help students acquire knowledge and skills in a more comprehensive manner than current plans, activating advanced methods in learning and practicing social work, and activating role of institutions in tasks required from them in training social specialists.

The The Realism and Expressionism as a Dramatic Technique in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman: A Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism Study

Mahmood Hasan Zghair — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study examines the use of realism and expressionism in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, through a psychoanalytic criticism approach. Realism is seen in the depiction of everyday life and relatable characters, while expressionism explores inner worlds, dreams, and the blending of past and present, using techniques like non-linear plot, circular events, and blurred lines between reality and fantasy.

Methods: The study analyzes how Arthur Miller employs realism and expressionism as dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman. It explores how psychoanalytic criticism reveals the inner realities and conflicts of Miller and his characters, such as Willy, Biff, and Happy, reflecting his views on modern society. Primary sources, including Miller's text, identify his use of these techniques, while secondary sources apply a psychoanalytic lens to character behavior, providing deeper insights into their psyches.

Results: The analysis of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, focusing on realism and expressionism, reveals the main character Willy Loman and the conflicts of secondary characters. Realism presents tangible challenges, while expressionism explores the characters' subconscious through surreal sequences. Miller effectively uses these techniques to address complex themes.

Conclusions: The psychoanalytic analysis of Death of a Salesman examines the characters' conflicts, repressed memories, and psychological struggles using realism and expressionism. The play explores the unconscious minds of the characters, revealing their fears and desires through dream sequences and symbolism. It also explores gender roles and defense mechanisms, offering a deeper understanding of the characters and themes.

The Relationship between Artificial Intelligence Anxiety and the Optimism and Pessimism in a Sample of Students at The University of Jordan

Ibrahim Majed AL-Hawe — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between AI anxiety, optimism, and pessimism among a sample of University of Jordan students.

Method: The sample consisted of 400 students selected using a convenience sampling method. Two scales were utilized: the AI Anxiety Scale (Wang, 2022) and the Optimism and Pessimism Scale (Abdel-Khalek & Al-Ansari, 1995), both validated for reliability and accuracy.

Results: The findings indicated that the levels of AI anxiety and optimism were moderate, while pessimism was low. A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between AI anxiety and optimism, whereas a significant positive relationship existed between AI anxiety and pessimism. No significant differences were observed based on college type for any AI anxiety dimensions. However, gender-based differences emerged in all dimensions except learning, favoring females. Differences related to academic level were found in all dimensions except learning, favoring undergraduate students.

Conclusion: The study concluded that AI anxiety and optimism were moderate, pessimism was low, and AI anxiety inversely correlated with optimism while positively correlating with pessimism.

Understanding The Dilemma of Religious Epistemology in the Islamic Psychology

Nur Afifah binti Abas — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study explores the challenges faced by Muslim psychologists especially those with Islamic Studies background engaged in psychological research, as grasped by the authors. It examines the struggle to uphold Islamic principles while adapting to global secular systems.

Methods: A qualitative autoethnographic methodology is employed, utilizing Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) to explore the researcher’s personal and professional experiences. Abductive reasoning further contextualizes these reflections within broader scholarly frameworks.

Results: The findings indicate that prolonged exposure to unresolved polarizing demands can lead to moral injury and identity crises, as wounded by very strained emotional strings, bound by enforced constraints that cannot be altered until systemic change occurs. Such unresolved tension exacerbates psychological struggles, leading to emotional fatigue, cognitive dissonance, and spiritual distress from emotion-cognition interdependence in self-regulation between secular ideologies and uncompromising Islamic beliefs.

Conclusion: Thus, we need to advocate Islamic Psychology ongoing discourse on religious identity crisis in professional environments via metacognitive awareness strategies to align with Psychology related professions without compromising faith – plus, extending similar support to the Muslim population they serve.

The Role of Job Happiness in Achieving Workplace Embeddedness An Applied Study on Administrative Staff at King Khalid University

Rania Mohamed Mahmoud zeyada — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The aim of the research was to evaluate the actual practices of the dimensions of job happiness and embeddedness in the workplace, as well as to study and analyze the extent to which job happiness contributes to supporting embeddedness at King Khalid University.

Methods: The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using a sample of employees at King Khalid University. An electronic questionnaire was designed to collect the data, and the study sample consisted of 297 individuals.

Results: Lack of clarity of the concept of job happiness and the mechanisms of its application The study sample does not agree on the availability of implantation dimensions in the workplace There is a strong statistically significant direct correlation between job happiness as an independent variable and workplace immersion as a dependent variable The correlation was stronger for the dimension of sacrifice from the two dimensions, harmonization and links.

Conclusions: The following recommendations were reached: the importance of enhancing factors that contribute to job happiness, such as job satisfaction and organizational justice, improving the perceived organizational support, creating a supportive work environment for thinking and constructive initiatives, and enhancing the social connections among employees.

Writing Anxiety among Arabic Language Students at Islamic Universities in Indonesia

Nasih Burhani — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the level of writing anxiety among learners of Arabic in Indonesia and to determine whether statistically significant differences exist in their levels of anxiety based on the variables of gender, academic level, and specialization.

Methods: The study employed a descriptive approach, utilizing a writing anxiety scale comprising 16 items distributed across three domains: cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and avoidance behavior. The scale was administered to a sample of 1,101 Arabic language learners enrolled in Islamic universities in Indonesia.

Results: The findings indicated that the overall level of writing anxiety among the learners was moderate. A statistically significant difference was observed in the participants' writing anxiety levels based on gender, with female learners reporting higher mean scores than their male counterparts. Additionally, a significant difference was noted concerning academic level, as learners in their third year or higher exhibited higher mean scores compared to those in their second year or lower. However, no statistically significant differences were found based on specialization.

Conclusions: The study concluded that the moderate level of writing anxiety among Arabic learners enhances their awareness of the importance of improving their writing skills and motivates them to make additional efforts to achieve better proficiency in Arabic writing.

Parents' Career and its Relationship to Vocational Choice among Jordanian University Students

Mashhoor Yousef Atyani — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the levels of parental occupation influence, career choice, and the relationship between them among university students in Jordan.

Methods: The study employed a descriptive correlational approach, with students selected randomly through electronic questionnaires distributed via WhatsApp. The sample consisted of 100 students from the University of Jordan and Petra University, representing various fields of study. To achieve the study's objectives, scales measuring parental occupation influence and career choice were developed.

Results: The findings revealed that the levels of both parental occupation influence and career choice ability were moderate. Additionally, the results indicated a statistically significant relationship between parental occupation influence and career choice, as parental occupations played a notable role in determining the students' current fields of study.

Conclusions: Career choice is a foundational step in realizing students' aspirations in alignment with their interests and abilities. Thus, it is recommended that parents avoid pressuring their children into specific academic fields and instead allow them the autonomy to choose their specializations. This approach can yield numerous benefits, such as saving time and resources and minimizing the risk of failure in unsuitable fields. The study also recommends emphasizing the importance of career choice and independence during earlier stages of education to better prepare students for university.

Criterion-Related Validity of the Arabic Family Relation Test

Marwa Nasser Alrajhi — 2026-01-01

Objective: The current study examined the Arabic Family Relation Test (AFRT) criterion-related validity with its six main first-order factors (i.e., Restrictiveness, Affection, Vulnerability, Acknowledgment, Justice, and Trust). The variables used as criteria were the differences in family relationships based on the father-child and the mother-child relationships, child’s gender, and age.

Method: The cluster random sampling technique was followed, as schools were the primary clusters. The study sample included 601 school students (47.6% males) from grades 5, 7, 9, and 11, aged between 10 and 17, selected from 10 public schools. Three instruments were used to collect the data: the Arabic Family Relation Test (AFRT), the Behavioral Problem Scale (BPS), and the Anxiety Scale (TAS).

Results: The study findings revealed very good criterion-related validity indicators of the AFRT. Statistically significant differences were found between fathers and mothers in Affection, Vulnerability, Justice, Acknowledgment, and Trust. In addition, statistically significant differences were found in Restrictiveness, Affection, and Vulnerability based on agender and grade interactions in the father-child relationships, and only age differences in some factors of the mother-child relationship. In addition, statistically significant correlations were reported between AFRT’s six factors and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems.

Conclusions: The study concluded that the AFRT has good criterion-related validity. It is an appropriate and promising family assessment tool for researchers and practitioners in various fields. The results were discussed in psychometric and environmental contexts. Furthermore, suggestions for implications and future research were provided.

Exploring Digital Trust: Social Media Engagement and Security Concerns among Al Ain University Students

Rania Abdelqader Abdallah — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This research aims to explore Al Ain University students' confidence in using social networking sites, focusing on their usage patterns, trust levels, and privacy concerns. It also seeks to understand the extent of students' engagement with various platforms and identify persistent privacy concerns, particularly regarding financial information.

Methods: The research methodology involves data collection through surveys, analyzing usage patterns, trust levels, and privacy concerns among students. It emphasizes understanding the variance in trust and engagement across different social media platforms. The study targets active social network users from all disciplines at Al Ain University, using purposive sampling to achieve demographic representation. With a sample of 141 students, the approach ensures focused and relevant findings.

Results: The findings reveal that most Al Ain University students are actively engaged with social media platforms, with WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter being the most widely used. Snapchat emerged as the most utilized platform for reposting information and news, followed by Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. The study indicates varying levels of trust and engagement across these platforms.

Conclusions: The research stresses the need to address privacy concerns and promote digital responsibility among university students. It highlights the role of educational institutions in fostering digital literacy and the importance of verifying shared information. Insights from Al Ain University students suggest strategies for enhancing online trust and privacy. Continuous research and proactive measures are essential for ensuring student digital safety.

Attitudes of Media Professionals Working in Jordanian Satellite Channels (JSC) towards Employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques in Media Work

Mousa Ahmad Khaireddin — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the attitudes of media professionals working in Jordanian satellite channels towards employing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in media work. It also sought to assess the extent to which these professionals recognize the importance of integrating AI in the operations of these channels. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the readiness of these channels to successfully implement AI technologies in their work.

Methods: A simple random sample consisting of 95 media professionals working in Jordanian satellite channels was selected. The study adopted a descriptive approach to describe the sample and measure its variables, and an analytical approach to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses.

Results: The study found that although there is a good level of awareness among media professionals regarding the importance of using AI technologies in television work, they hold negative attitudes towards employing these technologies in their channels. The study also revealed statistically significant differences in the attitudes of employees towards the use of AI technologies based on gender. Furthermore, it concluded that there is a lack of readiness among the channels to successfully employ AI technologies in their operations.

Conclusion: The study concluded that Jordanian satellite channels need to improve their infrastructure, internal regulations, and organizational culture to be ready to successfully adopt AI technologies in their work. It also highlighted the importance of focusing on training young professionals with moderate experience, as they tend to have more positive attitudes toward the use of AI technologies in media operations compared to others.

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Big Data Analysis of Social Media Users' Sentiments towards World Cup 2022

Mohammad Ali alquaary — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in analyzing big data on social networks concerning the 2022 FIFA World Cup, focusing on the platform X (formerly Twitter). This was achieved using a survey methodology and social network analysis tools.

Methods: The study provided a comprehensive analysis of sentiments and topics discussed on the X platform during three time periods: before the World Cup, during the event, and after the tournament. A massive dataset exceeding 8.5 million tweets was collected using eight hashtags related to the global sporting event. The data was analyzed with advanced AI algorithms and machine learning techniques, including sentiment analysis and topic modeling.

Results: The findings revealed a significant positive shift of 43.87% from the first to the third period of the study, accompanied by a corresponding decline in negative sentiments by -13.51%. These shifts highlight the successful execution of the World Cup and increased satisfaction and positive perceptions among users, as evidenced by the rise in positive sentiments and the decline in negative ones regarding the World Cup as a whole.

Conclusion: Big data was analyzed with high efficiency and accuracy to uncover shifts in sentiments and topics discussed during the World Cup. Additionally, the study evaluated the role of Qatar's hosting of the event and its impact on global sentiments. This prominent event led to notable changes in emotional responses toward Arabs, with particular emphasis on the host country of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

News Coverage of Artificial Intelligence in Online News: Frames and Tones from Al Jazeera English, CNA and CNN

Omar Abdallah Al-Zoubi — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aims to frame the content of news stories about artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism on the news websites of Al Jazeera English, CNA, and CNN, as well as to examine the tone used in these stories.

Methods: Using a content analysis approach, a total of 44 news stories related to the topic were identified. The dataset included 10 articles from Al Jazeera English, 19 from CNN, and 15 from CNA.

Results: According to Nisbett’s framing classification, the findings revealed that the "economic development and competitiveness" frame was commonly used in news articles by Al Jazeera English and CNA. Meanwhile, the "ethics and values" frame was most frequently employed in CNN articles. A neutral tone was predominantly used in news stories on Al Jazeera English and CNA, whereas a negative tone was more prevalent in CNN's coverage.

Conclusions: The study recommends that news organizations publish more stories about AI in journalism, emphasizing successful adoption cases while addressing ethical, legal, and social concerns. It also suggests that researchers pay greater attention to content analysis studies of news organizations, focusing on the impact of such stories on journalists' adoption or rejection of AI.

The Implications of the Media Discourse of the Al-Qassam Military Spokesman, Abu Ubaida, During the 2023 Gaza War: An Analytical Study

Rami Alawi Alawi — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to explore the implications of the media discourse of the Al-Qassam military spokesman, Abu Ubaida, during the 2023 Gaza War. It sought to analyze the types of discourse, propositions, argumentation strategies, and active forces highlighted.

Methods: The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing discourse analysis as its primary tool. The research population included all videos and speeches delivered by the military spokesman between November 7, 2023, and December 31, 2023. A purposive sample of eight speeches was selected for comprehensive analysis.

Results: The findings revealed that narrative discourse was the dominant style, constituting 37%, followed by expressive discourse at 30%, and descriptive discourse at 28%. Military themes ranked first in propositions at 41%, followed by political themes at 33%. Argumentation strategies focused primarily on field realities, accounting for 40%. The analysis also showed a close alignment of the active forces represented between the Al-Qassam military spokesman and Israeli forces.

Conclusions: The study recommends enhancing the communication strategies of Palestinian resistance to strengthen its presence both locally and internationally. It emphasizes balancing different propositions and leveraging media tools to highlight the humanitarian aspects of the conflict.

The Role of Social Media in Influencing Human Interaction: An Analytical and Descriptive Study on a Sample of Arab Youth

Abdulmalek Radman AlDanani — 2026-01-01

Social media platforms have witnessed a significant evolution in user interaction and communication styles, leading to rapid advancements in information dissemination and engagement. From mere entertainment platforms, have become an integral part of daily life for Arab youth, exerting a direct and effective influence on interaction and communication styles.

Objectives: This study aims to explore the impacts of social media use on human interaction, analyzing the resulting changes among individuals within society and examining how the behavior and social relationships of young people are affected.

The study's significance lies in the role of social media in influencing youth and highlighting the potential challenges and benefits of human interaction, including its impact on face-to-face communication, interpersonal skills, and social interaction within communities.

Methods: A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, using an online survey to collect data from a sample of Arab youth who are active social media users.

Results: The study found that news and social purposes are the most common reasons for using social media among young people, with the primary motivations being to connect with friends and family and stay informed about current events. The study also revealed that interactions through social media are often superficial but can strengthen personal relationships in certain ways.

Conclusions: The study concluded that social media increases digital interaction but may lead to a decrease in the quality of direct personal interaction. There are also mixed effects on human relationships, as excessive use can reduce face-to-face interaction.

The Economic Life of Tripoli (1875–1911): An Analysis of Muḥammad Hilāl Effendi's Documents as a Primary Source

Safiah Mohammed Al-salameen — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aims to highlight the economic conditions of the Wilaya of Tripoli of the West through the documents of Judge Muḥammad Hilāl Effendi. The study also sheds light on the economic activity and role played by the city of Tripoli of the West during the Ottoman rule.

Method: The study adopted the historical research method, which relies on collecting and analyzing historical material by referring to primary sources. Historical information was gathered and analyzed based on the documents of Judge Muḥammad Hilāl Effendi to provide a comprehensive understanding of the economic and political dimensions of Tripoli of the West during the Ottoman era. The analysis focuses on the role of Tripoli as a strategic center for trans-Saharan trade and the Ottoman administrative strategies in facing colonial challenges.

Results: One of the most prominent findings of this study is that Tripoli of the West possessed significant economic potential through its natural resources, such as halfa grass, which was an important commodity for trade with European markets. Muḥammad Hilāl Effendi’s document also indicated the existence of diverse agricultural and commercial potentials in the city of Tripoli, located on the Mediterranean Sea. Its strategic location played a major role in attracting trade ships and providing goods at competitive prices. Additionally, the stability of the region contributed to creating a favorable environment for economic prosperity.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the city of Tripoli of the West was an important and active economic center that generated substantial revenues for the Ottoman state.

The Popular Army in Jordan between (1970-1999) "Origin and Development"

Laith Sabah Al-Khazoun — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study highlights the emergence of the Popular Army in Jordan in 1970, and the most important political and military factors that contributed to its establishment. The study sheds light on the various trainings of the Popular Army, starting from 1970, the year in which the Popular Army Law was issued in the Official Gazette, and clarifies the nature of the financial support provided to the Popular Army and the parties supporting it, until 1999, the year in which the study stopped; the end of the reign of King Hussein bin Talal.

Methods: The study relied on the descriptive and analytical historical research method, which relies on obtaining information from its original sources such as: Jordanian documents deposited in the National Library, personal memoirs, and Jordanian newspapers. This information is then classified, scrutinized, and compared to each other.

Results: The study concluded that the experience of the Popular Army in Jordan was a rich and important experience; as the Popular Army was a counterpart to the Jordanian Arab Army, as it was entrusted with many duties and tasks, and the experience was generalized to Jordanian schools, universities, villages and cities.

Conclusion: The establishment of the People's Army in Jordan following the 1967 war, the events of September 1970, and the accompanying military and political circumstances, was important in acquiring military skills among Jordanian citizens, in addition to instilling a sense of national belonging among Jordanians.

The Political Crisis Following the December 2019 Revolution and its Impact on Sudan's Democratic Transition

Bashaer Ahmed Abed — 2026-01-01

Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complex dynamics underpinning Sudan’s political crisis and its democratic transition, highlighting the central role of citizens in building the foundations of democracy.

Methods: A historical-scientific approach examines the historical events that have shaped Sudan over the past decade. A descriptive-analytical approach is employed to study the political transition to dictatorship in Sudan, focusing on the Bashir coup and its aftermath. The descriptive section addresses military coups, while the analytical section explores the role of civil society in the democratic transition, emphasizing the theoretical frameworks and institutions that contributed to this process.

Results: The study demonstrates that civil society in Sudan has played a significant role in shaping the democratic process by challenging existing political systems and structures. These efforts have led to the development of policies with a profound impact on the democratic transition.

Conclusion: The military coup and the fall of the Bashir regime have drastically altered Sudanese politics, creating opportunities for democratic governance. However, public support for this transition has faced numerous obstacles and challenges. Understanding the complex dynamics of internal and external influences is essential for grasping the expansion of democracy in Sudan.

Asymmetric Cyberwarfare Strategy in International Relations: A Study in Theory and Application of the Russian-Ukrainian War

Alshaimaa Mohamed Mohamed Hassan — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aims to explore the understanding and interpretation of cyber war strategy and the controversy surrounding it, particularly its strategic overlap with concepts such as asymmetric warfare. It employs realist theories of international relations to provide explanations for the Russian-Ukrainian asymmetric cyber war strategy under study.

Methods: Given the novelty and complexity of the phenomenon with its multiple dimensions, this study relies on the inductive approach to examine the asymmetric Russian-Ukrainian cyberwarfare.

Results: The study concluded that the dynamic nature of the asymmetric Russian-Ukrainian cyber war highlights the inability and imbalance of the international system to address this type of conflict. This is particularly evident in the absence of a legal framework and a lack of international consensus on its classification, legitimacy, and legal adaptation—whether as "military" or unarmed armed conflict. As such, this war is uniquely complex, combining fifth-generation warfare, including cyber wars, and kinetic military action.

Conclusions: As states increasingly view cyberspace as integral to their political and strategic interests, the major divisions within new realism in international relations offer varied interpretations of states' intentions, interactions, and global policies. The study discusses the transformation of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict within the context of the new geopolitical and geostrategic order, providing realistic interpretations of the war strategy, its implementation tactics, legitimacy, and international positioning, along with its implications for international relations.

The Conflict in Yemen from a Normative Approach: A Study on the Moral Responsibility of the Parties to the War Since 2015

Wardah Mosaed Alshaeri — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aims to determine whether the war in Yemen can be characterized as an ethical and just war by applying normative theory in international relations. It also seeks to assess the application of just war theory to the violations committed by both parties to the conflict (the Houthi group and the Arab coalition) against civilians in Yemen.

Methods: The study examines violations by both sides of the Yemeni conflict through the lens of normative theory, focusing on four selected cases from the war in Yemen. It evaluates the adherence of the warring parties to the principles of just war theory both prior to and during the conflict.

Results: The findings reveal that neither the Arab coalition nor the Houthi group adhered to internationally recognized ethical standards during the conflict. By applying the two ethical theories, it becomes evident that civilian targets were attacked in the absence of proximate military objectives. These attacks often resulted in deadly consequences, many of which constituted clear violations of international law and international humanitarian law.

Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of building on the strengths of normative theory when examining the moral responsibility of any party engaged in warfare. It also highlights the need for more rigorous methods of applying these approaches, as obtaining detailed data from active war zones remains a significant challenge. As for just war theory, further elaboration on post-war law is essential, as this is critical for establishing lasting peace between current adversaries once hostilities cease.

The International Variables Affecting Regional Balance in East Asia

Hussein Imran Rahman — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The present study shades lights on the profound political, economic, and military changes that have occurred in the international arena. The study aims to analyze these changes and their effects on the regional balance in East Asia by focusing on the Russian-Ukranian war on East Asia, and by showing the role of the alliances and the international partnerships in creating the regional security environment in East Asia.

Methods: The study drew on the analytical descriptive approach to describing, analysing the implications of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the security environment in the East Asian region, and the role of economic alliances and partnerships in promoting security stability in the region.

Result: The result of the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war have significantly impacted the security environment in East Asia. These effects include an increase in Chinese influence in the region and the strengthening of Russia's relations with North Korea and China. Additionally, economic impacts have shaken the region, ranging from a decline in Japan's GDP to energy supply shortages in regional countries. Militarily, the arms race in the region has resurged, with reports of increased military spending by Japan and South Korea, while China continues to steadily increase its military expenditures. Meanwhile, North Korea relies on its military power to assert itself as a significant regional force.

Conclusions: In conclusion, The Russian-Ukrainian war has impacted the security environment in East Asia by escalating political tensions and intensifying the arms race in the region, as well as amplifying economic competition. The United States has leveraged its multilateral and bilateral alliances to counter China's growing influence in the region and address North Korea's missile threats. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation, for its part, is cooperating with China to balance Western powers and curb their influence in the region.

Political Oversight (Popular and Parliamentary Oversight) of the Work of Municipal Councils and Decentralization in Jordan During the Period 2020-2023

Salahaldeen M. T. Al Mshagba — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The study aimed to clarify the legal and constitutional basis for the work of municipal and decentralized councils in Jordan, and to clarify the reality of practicing political oversight mechanisms (popular and parliamentary oversight) over the work of municipal councils and governorate councils in Jordan.

Methodology: The study relied on a descriptive analytical approach and the institutional approach. The approach was used to explain the reality of mechanisms of political oversight (popular and parliamentary oversight) over the work of municipal councils and governorate councils in Jordan.

Results: The exercise of popular oversight over the work of municipal and provincial councils is evident through citizen exercising his/her right to vote and choose competent candidates to manage the work of municipalities or through weak participation in municipal elections. It also shows the weakness of parliamentary oversight methods over the work of municipal councils, as Parliament exercises oversight methods over the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, holds the minister accountable for shortcomings in the work of municipal councils, and determines the general legislative framework for municipal councils by establishing the foundations and rules for forming municipal councils, their organizational structure, their powers, and their financial resources.

Conclusion: Municipal council members should work to involve citizens in the democratic process, encourage them to participate in decision-making, and conduct further studies and research related to parliamentary and popular oversight of the work of municipal councils in Jordan.

Do the Ears Lead the Brain? Decoding the Interpreter's Cognition through EEG Insights in Simultaneous Interpreting

Putu Desi Anggerina Hikmaharyanti — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The field of simultaneous interpreting (SI) demands exceptional cognitive skills, including rapid language switching, split attention, and robust working memory. This study aims to decode the cognitive processes underlying SI through the use of electroencephalography (EEG). By examining the brain activity of professional and novice interpreters, we seek to identify the neural correlates of the key cognitive skills involved in SI.

Methods: Utilizing a qualitative research design, the study analyzes data from three primary sources, EEG reports, videos of interpreting performances from three novice and three professional interpreters, and semi-structured interviews.

Results: The results indicate significant differences in cognitive responses between novice and professional interpreters, with professionals exhibiting stable gamma wave activity linked to effective cognitive control and auditory processing. In contrast, novice interpreters showed variable gamma patterns and performance disruptions, particularly under complex auditory conditions. The qualitative analysis revealed that professional interpreters employ strategies such as selective listening and anticipation to manage cognitive load, while novices struggle with competing auditory stimuli.

Conclusions: This research contributes to a deeper understanding of interpreter cognition, offering insights that can guide the design of effective self-practice resources tailored to the needs of interpreters at various skill levels.

An Empirical Study on the Cultivation of Critical Thinking in High School Academic English Writing

Wen Tian — 2026-01-01

Objectives: This study aims to explore the application and cultivation effects of critical thinking in high school academic English writing, with a particular focus on identifying effective teaching strategies and intervention methods.

Methods:. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving 120 second-year high school students (aged 15-16) in Shaanxi Province, China. The study included: (1) a 10-week teaching intervention with experimental (n=60) and control (n=60) groups; (2) pre- and post-intervention CCTDI-CV questionnaires; (3) writing assessments based on IELTS Task 2 criteria; and (4) semi-structured interviews with 10 randomly selected participants (20-30 minutes each).

Results:. The study revealed significant improvements in students’ critical thinking disposition, particularly in truth-seeking, open-mindedness, and analytical ability. The experimental group also demonstrated marked progress in academic writing skills, especially in analytical thinking and argumentative expression. Qualitative data further indicated enhanced metacognitive awareness and strategic application of critical thinking in writing processes.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that critical thinking plays an important role in high school academic English writing. Based on these results, the study proposes corresponding teaching recommendations and directions for future research, emphasizing the need for integrated critical thinking instruction in English writing curriculum.

The Zombie Myth as the Hegelian-Master Slave in William Seabrook’s The Magic Island: A Postcolonial and Cultural Perspective

Hamza Alwan Jaber — 2026-01-01

Objectives: the current paper aims to discuss the image of the Haitian zombie presented as a harmless, obedient slave, controlled being devoid of any personality and oppressed and fed by a mysterious priest or sorcerer called ‘bokor’ in William Seabrooks’ The Magic Island (1929). So, the researcher investigates why and how this character was imported into the American novel and culture and traces its development.

Methods: the current paper analyzes William Seabrooks’, The Magic Island (1929), from a cultural and postcolonial perspective to inspect circumstances leading to significant transformations and radical changes that could be attributed to the United States' occupation of Haiti in 1915 such conditions could have motivated Seabrook to go to Haiti and present this character to the American culture. The researcher is utilizing G.W.F. Hegel’s master-slave dialectic in addition to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s concepts of subaltern and ‘Sub-subaltern.

Results: Since its inception, the concept of the zombie denotes a soulless man who is devoid of will totally at the mercy of a plantation owner. Born of Haitian folklore and linked from its earliest periods to oppression, the zombie began as a parable of the exploited workers in modern industrial economies and of the exploited natives in colonial nations.

Conclusions: Zombies are the exploited Indigenous labor whom imperialism/colonialists used as cheap labor without proper working conditions. So the Seabrook zombies are a metaphor for indigenous laborers who are overworked, underpaid, undervalued, not respected, etc.

The Perceived Impact of TRIPLE E-Based Training on English Pronunciation Learning and Teaching

Eyad Ahmad Almithqal — 2026-01-01

Objective: This study investigates the perceived impact of TRIPLE E-based training on English pronunciation learning and teaching by examining the perspectives of Jordanian university lecturers and students.

Methods: Employing a mixed-methods approach, six university lecturers participated in interviews, and three engaged in focus group discussions to evaluate the efficacy of TRIPLE E training. Classroom observations (N=6 cases) tracked the integration of perceived benefits into pronunciation teaching practices. A questionnaire was administered to student participants (N=322), supplemented by six focus group discussions (N=6).

Results: The findings underscore the significant positive impacts of TRIPLE E workshops on pronunciation teaching, emphasising the transformative role of ICT tools and instructional strategies guided by rubrics. This transformation led to a shift in lecturers' roles towards facilitation, fostering interactive learning environments that transcended classroom boundaries. Students perceived tools such as YouGlish and Rose Medical as accurate and time-efficient, resulting in heightened engagement, motivation, and self-directed learning, enhancing pronunciation skills beyond conventional classroom settings.

Recommendations: In light of the findings, this study recommends integrating pronunciation apps and interactive learning tools to enable independent student practice, both inside and outside the classroom. It also suggests ongoing professional development for lecturers, such as TRIPLE E workshops, to equip them with TPACK knowledge and foster student-centered teaching. This approach encourages students to take ownership of their pronunciation learning through self-directed practice and immediate feedback.

Artificial Intelligence as a Menace in Minority Report Film

Nadhim Fadhil Kadhim — 2026-01-01

Objectives: The present study investigates the role of artificial intelligence in Minority Report film. It traces how the transition from the traditional into the smart-city milieu brings with it technological practices with catastrophic consequences to man. Artificial intelligence is a product of a manipulation occurring to man’s space to attain urbanisation. Thrown into a digitalized world, man witnesses moulds of social and cultural behaviours dictated by technological artefacts. It becomes difficult for man to cope with his reality, because the elements of his reality change into abstractions, confusing as such his sense of humanity.

Method: This study applied Henri Lefebvre space theories to Minority Report film hitting upon the relationship between man and the space encompassing him. For Lefebvre, space is paramount in shaping man’s essential attributes because of its mutual relationship with man. This aspect urges Lefebvre to warn of a vice role played by capitalism crystalized in urbanising human societies. He argues that production of space is essentially a social and cultural process marking urbanisation as a mystifying concept aiming at fostering a capitalist hegemony over human societies.

Results: In the light of these views by Lefebvre, this study showed how the main characters in Minority Report film oscillated between the two extremes of the threat of submitting themselves to artificial intelligence and a need for a life in which they are recognised human individuals.

Conclusions: The study concludes that artificial intelligence can become a cunning entity if exploited by capitalist political leaders to ensure capitalist greed and that it makes the main characters in Minority Report victims to the capitalist pursuit of hegemony through socializing them in terms of the capitalist demands.