كيف أثر الهيكل الفيدرالي في أمريكا في مرحلة التخطيط لوباء: كوفيد 19 كدراسة حالة
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i2.4953الكلمات المفتاحية:
الفيدرالية، كوفيد19، توقعات أمريكا، القيادة الرئاسيةالملخص
الهدف: كيف أثر التوتر بين المستويات الفيدرالية والدولية والمحلية في خطط الإغلاق، بالإضافة إلى أثرها في فتح الاقتصاد في أثناء الوباء؟ حتى الآن، يتسبب كوفيد-19 بقتل أمريكيًا واحدًا كل 30 ثانية. مع استمرار هذه المأساة في حصد أرواح الآلاف، يشير العديد من الأمريكيين إلى فشل حكومة الولايات المتحدة في الاستجابة للوباء بفعالية وكفاءة.
المنهج: تستخدم المقالة الطريقة الوصفية.
النتائج: وجدت المقالة أن هنالك توترات متزايدة بين الرئيس الأمريكي وحكام الولايات، بين الإدارات الفيدرالية، بين الوكالات الفيدرالية والوكالات الحكومية التي تفاقمت بسبب الوباء. ووازن الحكام عدم وجود قيادة رئاسية خلال الجائحة. وبدلاً من ذلك، تدخل الرئيس في الوكالات الفيدرالية وحكام الولايات كما حاول التدخل في ميزانيات الوكالات وهدد الحكام بسبب عدم تقديرهم وولائهم. أما بالنسبة للائتلافات الإقليمية، كان التأثير ضئيل في مراحل التخطيط مما أثر في شراء الإمدادات والمعدات الطبية، وقيادة الدولة وإعادة فتح اقتصادات الدولة.
الختامة: على نحو عام، تسبب الهيكل الفيدرالي في مزيد من المشاكل، والمزيد من الخلافات، وأثر في التخطيط لكوفيد.
التنزيلات
المراجع
Anders, K.K. & Shook, C.A. (2003). New federalism: Impact on ftate and local governments.
Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management.
Bristol, N., & Marcozzi, D. (2007). Pandemic and all-hazards preparedness act. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1(1), 9-10.
Baccini, L., & Brodeur, A. (2021). Explaining governors’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. American Politics Research, 49(2), 215-220.
Boin, A. & Hart, P.T. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: mission impossible? Public
Administration Review, 63(5), 544-553.
Bulman-Pozen, J., & Gerken, H. K. (2008). Uncooperative federalism. Yale LJ, 118, 1256.
CDC (Center for Disease Control). (n.d.). Public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) cooperative agreement.https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/readiness/phep.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww
.cdc.gov%2Fcpr%2Fcoopagreement.htm
Collier, R. (2017). Massive cuts to science and medicine in Trump budget.
Conlan, T. (2006). From cooperative to opportunistic federalism: reflections on the half‐century anniversary of the commission on intergovernmental relations. Public Administration Review, 66(5), 663-676.
Correnti, L. (2010). What a President Says Matters: An Analysis of Presidential Responses in Times of Economic Crisis. Boston College.
CPF (California Professional Firefighters. (2020). CPF president responds to president's threat to cut off aid to fire victims.
Deng, S., & Kuol, D. (2017). How American federalism divides powers between the national and state government.
Devins, N., (2004). The judicial safeguards of federalism. Northwestern University Law Review, 99, 131-144.
Diamond, D. (2020). Inside America’s 2-decade failure to prepare for coronavirus. Politico Magazine.
Edelman. (2020). The Edelman trust barometer.https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-
/2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Spring%20Update.pdf.
Edelman, A. (2020). ‘Life-And-death betrayal': Biden, democrats shred Trump over
woodward book pandemic revelations. ABC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/pelosi-democrats-shred-trump-over-woodward-book-pandemic-revelations-
n1239673?cid=eml_mrd_20200910&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Morning%20Rundown%20Sep%2010%2C%202020 .
EZGOVOPPS. (2019). Trump budget cuts: DHS, TSA, and more.https://ezgovopps.com/m/trump-budget-cuts-dhs-tsa-and-more-2/.
Forgey, Q., & Choi, M. (2020). “This is Deadly Stuff”: Tapes Show Trump Acknowledging Virus Threat in February. Politico, 9. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/09/trump-coronavirus-deadly-downplayed-risk-410796.
Galston, W.. (2020). Trump or governors: who’s the boss? Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/03/25/trump-or-governors-whos-the-boss/.
GAO (Government Accounting Office). (2009). Influenza pandemic: sustaining focus on the nation’s planning and preparedness efforts. https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-334.
Georgia Department of Public Health. (2020).
Gluck, Abbe R., & Nicole Huberfeld. (2018). What is federalism in health care for? Stanford
Law Review, 70, 689-1803.
Gordon, S. H., Huberfeld, N., & Jones, D. K. (2020, May). What federalism means for the US response to coronavirus disease 2019. In JAMA Health Forum (Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. e200510-e200510). American Medical Association.
Gostin, L. O., Hodge, J. G., & Burris, S. (2014). Is the United States prepared for Ebola?. JAMA, 312(23), 2497-2498.
Grodzins, M. (1960). The federal system. Goals for Americans: The report of the president’s commission on national goals, 265-282.
Guglielmi, G., Maxmen, A., Morello, L., Reardon, S., Tollefson, J., & Witze, A. (2018). Trump budget gives last-minute reprieve to science funding. Nature, 554, 284-85.
Haffajee, Rebecca L. & Michelle Mello. (2020). Thinking globally, acting locally — the U.S.
response to COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine. April 2.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006740
Gostin, L. O., & Hodge, J. G. (2016). Is the United States prepared for a major Zika virus outbreak?. JAMA, 315(22), 2395-2396.
Hiltzik, Michael. (2020). Column: with attack on NIH, Trump steps up his assault on
coronavirus science. L.A. Times. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-04-20/nih-trump-coronavirus-science
Homeland Security. (n.d). DHS responds: coronavirus (COVID-19).
Homeland Security. (2008). National response framework.
Jacobson, L. (2019). Fact-checking whether FEMA funds were shifted to indefinite detention at the border. Politfacts.
Johnson, B. (2020). Trump budget proposal includes border hikes, FEMA and TSA cuts, and secret service move. Hstoday.
Katulis, B., & Aaron, K. (2020).COVID-19 second stimulus package standoff highlights trump’s flawed economic agenda. Brookings.
Kettle, D.F. (2020). States divided the implications of American federalism for COVID‐19.
Public Administration Review.
Kincaid, J. (2008). Contemporary US federalism: Coercive change with cooperative continuity. Revista d'estudis autonòmics i federals, (6), 10-36.
Kinsella, Martha, Gareth Fowler, Julia Boland & Daniel I. Weiner. (2020). Trump
administration abuses thwart US pandemic response. Brennan Center. August 6.
Kramer, L. (1994). Understanding federalism. Vanderbilt Law Review, 47: 1485.
Kwon, D. (2018). Proposed federal budget slashes funds to EPA, CDC. The Scientist.
February 12.
Leinhos, Mary & Mildred M. Williams-Johnson. (2014). Preparedness and emergency response
research centers: using a public health systems approach to improve all-hazards
preparedness and response. Public Health Reports 129, (4) 6.
Leonard, E.W. (2010). Rhetorical federalism: the value state-based dissent to federal health
reform. Hofstra Law Review, 39, 111.
Lind, M. (2002). Do the people rule? The Wilson Quarterly, 26(1), 40-49.
Linton, Caroline. (2020). Cuomo announces 7-state coalition for purchasing medical
equipment. CBS News. May 4. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/andrew-cuomo-ppe-medical-equipment-coronavirus-7-state-coalition/
Lioyd, A. (n.d). Is federalism dead? https://sites.harding.edu/lklein/abby's%20federalism%20as%20a%20pdf.pdf.
Mackay, R. (2020). In exchange for aid, Trump wants praise from governors he can use
in campaign ads. The Intercept..https://theintercept.com/2020/03/28/exchange-aid-trump-wants-praise-governors-can-use-campaign-ads/
Minnesota Regional Healthcare Preparedness Coordinators.. (n.d).
https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/ep/coalitions/rhpc.html
Moore, R. (2017). FEMA disaster programs at risk of major cuts by Trump.
NDRC. https://www.nrdc.org/experts/rob-moore/fema-disaster-programs-risk-major-cuts-trump
Murphy, T. (2020). “Some governors have risen to the occasion during the pandemic. These
Republicans aren’t among them. Mother Jones.
Murthy, B. P., Vagi, S., Desamu-Thorpe, R., & Avchen, R. (2018). Assessment of state, local, and territorial Zika planning and preparedness activities—United States, June 2016–July 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(35), 969.
Nathan, R.P. (2006). There will always be a new federalism. Journal of Public Administration
Research and Theory, 16(4), 499-510.
Neiman Foundation. (n.d). Covering pandemic flu. Neiman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard.
Nicholas, P., & Gilsinan, K. (2020).The end of the imperial presidency. By ceding flex
control over the government’s pandemic response, Trump is allowing American governors to new muscles. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/trump-governors-coronavirus/611023/
NY State Health Emergency Preparedness Coalition. (n.d). https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/emergency-preparedness.aspx.
Palma, B. (2020). Did president Trump cut the CDC budget? Snopes.
https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/trump-cut-cdc-budget/
Pfiffner, J. (2018). Trump’s lies corrode democracy. Brookings. .https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/04/13/trumps-lies-corrode-democracy
Posner, P. (2007). The politics of coercive federalism in the Bush era.The Journal of Federalism, 37(3), 390-412.
Redi Healthcare Coalition. Eastern Washington State. (n.d). https://srhd.org/programs-and-services/hcc
Reynolds, M. (2017). Trump wants 2018 NIH cut to come from overhead payments. .
Science Magazine.
Reynolds, S. (2020). Donald Trump blames everyone but himself for the coronavirus
crisis. Will voters agree? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/donald-trump-blames-everyone-but-himself-for-the-coronavirus-crisis-will-voters-agree-135205
Roos, R. (2006). Year-end review: avian flu emerged as high-profile issue in 2005.
Seitz, A. (2020). Few sickened when Obama declared 2009 flu a health emergency. AP
News. https://apnews.com/afs:Content:8603491796
Selin, J. (2020). Trump versus the states: how federalism has impacted the coronavirus
response. Salon. https://www.salon.com/2020/04/20/trump-versus-the-states-how-federalism-has-impacted-the-coronavirus-response_partner/
Shin, G. (2018). The lesson from the modern American federalism: a challenge to effective
public policy performance. Perspectives on Federalism, 10(2), 300-320.
Slevin, J. (2017). Trump is trying to cut disaster relief to build a border wall. Talk
Poverty. https://talkpoverty.org/2017/08/29/trump-trying-cut-disaster-relief-build-border-wall/
Soffen, K., & Denise, L. (2017). What Trump cut in his budget. Washington Post. https://www.worldpittsburgh.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PDF-What-Trump-Cut-in-His-Budget_The-Washington-Post-March-16-2017.pdf
Sommer, A. (2013). State implementation of the affordable care act. AMA Journal
of Ethics. https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/state-implementation-affordablecare-act/2013-07
Sonnemaker, T. (2020). The Trump administration has reversed its decision to cut federal
resources for coronavirus testing sites. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-administration-withdrawing-fema-resources-covid-19-community-testing-sites-2020-4
Torbati, Y., & Arnsdorf, I (2020). How tea party budget battles left the national
emergency medical stockpile unprepared for coronavirus. ProPublius. https://www.propublica.org/article/us-emergency-medical-stockpile-funding-unprepared-coronavirus
Trump, D. (2020). Letter from President Donald J. Trump to Senator Charles E.
Schumer. White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/letter-president-donald-j-trump-senator-charles-e-schumer/
USA Today. (2018). Trump administration took nearly $10 million from FEMA's budget to
support ice, documents show. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/11/femas-budget-cut-10-million-support-ice-documents-show/1274723002/
Vakil, K (2020). Obama prepared for a potential pandemic. Trump gutted his work.
Courier Newsroom. https://couriernewsroom.com/2020/04/14/obama-prepared-for-a-potential-pandemic-trump-gutted-his-work/
Wagner, K., & Newkirk, M. (2020). With coronavirus cases set to soar, state
coalitions are mostly talk. Bloomberg Quint. https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/with-virus-cases-set-to-soar-state-coalitions-are-mostly-talk
Watson, K. (2020). A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus. CBS News.https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/
Windt, T. (1973). The presidency and speeches on international crisis: repeating the rhetorical past. Speaker and Gavel, 2(10), 8-9.
Win Without War. (2020). Hold the pentagon accountable for COVID corruption. https://act.winwithoutwar.org/act/hold-pentagon-accountable-covid-corruption?source=em20200922&t=7&akid=6500%2E370994%2EVjjZq3
Young, E. (2000). Dual federalism, concurrent jurisdiction, and the foreign affairs
exception. George Washington Law Review. 69, 139.
التنزيلات
منشور
كيفية الاقتباس
إصدار
القسم
الرخصة
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2023 دراسات: العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

