أهمية العراق الاستراتيجية للولايات المتحدة بعد 2003: اهتمام وتراجع

المؤلفون

  • Klalid Hashem Mohammed قسم العلوم السياسية، كلية القانون والعلوم السياسية، جامعة الأنبار، الأنبار، العراق https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7639-041X
  • Zaid Khalid Saleh قسم العلوم السياسية، كلية القانون والعلوم السياسية، جامعة الأنبار، الأنبار، العراق https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0546-1142

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i5.6736

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الاستراتيجية الأمريكية، العراق، الاهتمام، التراجع، الانسحاب، البقاء.

الملخص

الأهداف: تهدف الدراسة لمعرفة أهمية العراق الاستراتيجية بالنسبة للولايات المتحدة ما بعد عام 2003، وإلى إي مدى لا يزال العراق اليوم يتمتع بنفس الأهمية التي كان يحظى بها في السابق عند احتلاله من قبل الولايات المتحدة عام 2003. كما تبحث الدراسة إمكانية تخلي الولايات المتحدة عن العراق أو بقائها فيه لجملة من الاسباب تحددها مصالحها القومية.

المنهجية: قامت الدراسة بتوظيف منهج المصلحة الوطنية كأساس للدراسة، من خلال الاستناد إلى أفكار النظرية الواقعية في العلاقات الدولية ومقولاتها في هذا الشأن.

النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى نتيجة مفادها هي أن العراق اليوم قد تراجعت أهميته الاستراتيجية النسبية بالنسبة للولايات المتحدة بفعل جملة من العوامل بعضها يتعلق بالداخل الأمريكي والبعض الأخر يتعلق بالعراق نفسه.

الخلاصة: هناك تراجع في أهمية العراق الاستراتيجية بالنسبة للولايات المتحدة الامريكية، ولكن ستبقى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية مهتمة بلعب دورا ما فيه ولن تتخلى عنه بالكامل. لذا، ما تحتاجه أميركا اليوم هو سياسة الوضوح في العراق التي من شأنها أن تقلل من حالة الشك وتزيل الارتباك، مصحوبة بخطوات عملية ورؤية شاملة لكل قضايا العراق.

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

المراجع

Abdel Aty, A. (2021).The American presidential elections and the Biden administration’s foreign policy towards the Middle East, International Politics Journal, 223, p. 206.

Ahmed, M. R. (2021). The American Occupation of Iraq 2003-2011, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Asriyya, Cairo.

Ahmed, N. (2014). Iraq invasion was about oil, The guardian, Thursday 20 March, Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com

Ahmed, Z. and Abdullah, N. (2020). The risks and repercussions of the possible complete US withdrawal from Iraq, Al-Sharq Strategic Research, 1December. Retrieved from: https://research.sharqforum.org

Al-Annani, K. (2006). The American Oil Lobby: Influence and Influence Mechanisms, International Politics, 164.

Al-Araibi, M. (2021). The disappearance of Iraq from Biden’s agenda is a big mistake, Iraqi Affairs Journal, 11, Iraqi Center for Strategic Studies, Amman, January .

Al Jazeera Net (2022). Iraq seeks to raise its oil production capacity to 8 million barrels per day, available at: https://www.aljazeera.net

Al-Kharrat, M. et. al (2004). Justifications for the American-British Invasion of Iraq: The Occupation of Iraq: Objectives, Results, Future, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.

Al-Khazraji, N. (2014). The Iraqi-Iranian War 1980-1988, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Doha.

Al-Makhzoumi, K. and Al-Obaidi, M. (2020). The dangerous consequences of the United States’ withdrawal from Iraq, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Fikra Forum, February 3. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org.

Al-Majdoub, T. (1999). Strategic Vision, Spotlight on the Iraqi Crisis: The United States and the New Containment Strategy, Al-Ahram File, Issue (123), January 3, available: https://gate.ahram.org.eg.

Al-Saeed, M. (2019).The American Oil Miracle.. Will Washington finally abandon the Middle East?, Al Jazeera Net, 2019, available at: https://www.aljazeera.net.

Al-Shammari, I. (2022). The Iraq crisis between regime failure and Iranian intervention, Opinions on the Gulf Magazine, Gulf Research Center, 178, October.

Arafa, K. (2006). China and energy security: a future vision, International Politics, 164, 2006, pp. 56-57.

Awad, A. H. (2007). Iraq’s new role in the American strategy towards the Middle East region, Journal of International Studies, 33.

Baker, J. and Hamilton, L. (2006). The Iraq Study Group Report, December 2006, available at: https://online.wsj.

Baker, P. and Schmitt, E. (2014). Many Missteps in Assessment of ISIS Threat, The New york Times, Sept. 29, available at: https://www.nytimes.com.

Bassil, Y. (2012). The 2003 Iraq war: operations, causes, and consequences, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS), 4 (5), pp. 29-47.

Campbell, K.M. (2016). The Pivot: The Future of American Statecraft in Asia, Grand Central Publishing, New York.

Cockburn, P. (2016). Chaos & Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in the Struggle for the Middle East, OR books, New York.

Cordesman, A. H. (2020). America’s failed strategy in the Middle East: losing Iraq and the Gulf, The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), January 2. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org.

Cordesman, A. H. (2020). America’s failed strategy in the Middle East: losing Iraq and the Gulf, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 2. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org.

Cramer, J. and Thrall, T. (2012), Why Did the United States Invade Iraq?, Routledge, London.

Cropsey, S. and Roughead, G. (2019). U.S. Withdrawal Will Cause a Power Struggle in the Middle East: Washington could find itself fighting its way back into the region for the first time since World War II, Foreign Policy Magazine, December 17.

Egan, M. (2019). Next year, the US will export more energy than it imports. That hasn’t happened since 1953, CNN, Tue January 29, 2019, At: https://edition.cnn.com.

Gause, G. (2003). American Policy towards Iraq, Emirates Center for Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi.

Gordon, J. (2018). The Hidden War: America and the Sanctions on Iraq, translated by Abdul Rahman Iyas, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, pp. 19-20.

Haass, R. (2023). Revisiting America’s war of choice in Iraq, The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), March 17, 2023. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/article.

Harrison, R. (2019). The shortcomings of the United States’ foreign policy towards the Middle East region, Arab Policies Journal, 40, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Doha, September.

Hashem, K. (2019). The American strategy towards Iraq in Obama’s second term between the fixed and the variable (2013-1016), Arab Democratic Center, Berlin. Retrived from: https://democraticac.de.

Hashem, A. (2000). International Competition over the Heart of Eurasia and the Future of International Balance, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Political Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad.

Hashem, K. (2020). The American Strategy towards Iraq 2008-2016, Arab Democratic Center, Berlin.

Hashem, K. (2022). The return of American interest in Iraq again: will Iraq be present this time?, Al-Bayan Center for Studies and Planning, Baghdad, 7/16. Retrieved from: https://www.bayancenter.org.

Hassanein, M. (2004). The American Empire and the Raid on Iraq, Dar Al-Shorouk, Cairo.

Heikal, M. H. (2004). The American Empire and the Raid on Iraq, Dar Al-Shorouk, Cairo.

Henry Kissinger, World Order, Penguin Group(USA) LLC, 2014

James A. Baker, Lee H. Hamilton, The Iraq Study Group Report,: December 2006. Retrieved from: https://online.wsj.

Kaltenthaler, K. and Dagher, M. (2020). A U.S.-Iraq strategic dialogue: A question of interests and expectations, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, May 14. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org.

Kamal, M. (2014). A reading of Henry Kissinger’s book: The World Order: Ideas on the Nature of Nations and the Course of History, Political Perspectives Journal, 2.

Kamal, M. (2015). Obama’s principle and his Middle East policy, International Politics Journal, 201.

Kamal, M. (2016). American politics and the Middle East...the limits of continuity and change, International Politics Journal, Issue (203), January 13, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, p. 112.

Kamal, M. and Hashem, K. (2017). Obama and transformation Strategy from the Middle East to the Asia – pacific Region, Asian Social Science, No. 6

Kaltenthaler, K. Dagher, M. (2020). A U.S.-Iraq Strategic Dialogue: A Question of Interests and Expectations, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, May 14, available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org

Katulis, B. and Juul, P. (2021). Strategic Reengagement in the Middle East: Toward a More Balanced and Long-Term Approach for U.S. Policy, The Center for American Progress, DEC 16, Retrieved from: https://www.americanprogress.org.

Kissinger, H. (2014). World Order, Penguin Group, USA.

Mansour, R. (2023). Why Iraqi democracy never stood a chance: the roots of the corrupt order that replaced Saddam, Foreign Affairs Journal, March 20, Retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com.

Mardan, B. (2007). The Future of the American Strategy towards Iraq, Unpublished Master Thesis, Al-Nahrain University, College of Political Science, Baghdad.

Mohamed, S. (2024). Iraq between the US withdrawal negotiations and targeting the T22 base in Jordan, articles, Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies, 30 January.

Nakhle, C. (2020). An oil giant with a chronic disease, GIS, APRIL 9. Retrieved from: https://www.gisreportsonline.com.

Nasr, V. (2013).The Dispensable Nation: American Foreign Policy in Retreat, Anchor, New York.

O’Hanlon, M. E. and Allawi, S. (2020), The relationship between Iraq and The Us Is in danger of collapse That Cant Happen, Brookings, March 20. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu.

Pollock, D. (2020). Eight reasons why the United States and Iraq still need each other, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Jan 9. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org.

Quant, W. What does the “dual containment” policy mean? Al-Hayat newspaper, issue (77), 1993. Retrieved from daharchives.alhayat.com/issue-archive/wasat%20magazine.1993/7/19

Saeed, N. (2024). The exit of coalition forces from Iraq between the risks of withdrawal and the repercussions of survival, Egyptian Center for Thought and Strategic Studies, January 16.

Simon, S. (2023). Grand Delusion: The Rise and Fall of American Ambition in the Middle East, penguin press, April 11.

Simon, S. and Weinstein, A. (2023). How to Withdraw From Iraq within Five Years, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, May 9.

U.S. Energy Information Administration (2024). United States produces more crude oil than any country, ever, March 11, available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61545.

US Department of Defense (2012). Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, Washington, DC, available at: C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/p16378coll5_383.pdf

Willams, D. and Schake, K. (2023). on how America has moved beyond the debacle of the Iraq war, The Economist, Mar 22nd. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com.

التنزيلات

منشور

2025-05-01

كيفية الاقتباس

Mohammed, K. H., & Saleh, Z. K. (2025). أهمية العراق الاستراتيجية للولايات المتحدة بعد 2003: اهتمام وتراجع. دراسات: العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية, 52(5), 6736. https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i5.6736

إصدار

القسم

العلوم السياسية
##plugins.generic.dates.received## 2024-01-26
##plugins.generic.dates.accepted## 2024-05-15
##plugins.generic.dates.published## 2025-05-01