Conflict of Outweighing Factors: Theoretical Foundations and Sub-Issues
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/Law.2025.12140Keywords:
conflict, opposition, weighing, outweighing factors, conflict and preference, uṣūl al-fiqhAbstract
Objectives: This study aims to present both the general and specific positions regarding the conflict of outweighing factors (marājiḥ) and to examine how scholars of uṣūl al-fiqh addressed the issue.
Methods: An inductive approach was adopted by collecting dispersed discussions of uṣūlī scholars on the conflict of outweighing factors. In addition, a descriptive, inferential–analytical approach was employed to establish a theoretical foundation for the topic and to derive related sub-issues mentioned in the literature.
Results: The process of weighing between evidences is grounded in the conjecture of jurists, and the same applies to the conflict of outweighing factors. It is difficult to assert the precedence of one factor over another in abstraction; in practice, each case requires its own evaluation. Generally, uṣūlī scholars gave little attention to this issue, as it is complex and open-ended. Only brief remarks appear in the works of al-Bāqillānī, al-Juwaynī, al-Rāzī, and al-Ṣafī al-Hindī, while al-Āmidī dedicated a treatise to it. Ḥanafī scholars also recognized its importance and allocated a chapter to it.
Conclusions: While uṣūlī scholars extensively addressed the conflict of evidences and the tools used for weighing between them, the outweighing factors themselves also conflict. Therefore, it is not possible to resolve the conflict of evidences without addressing the conflict of outweighing factors. This study provides both a theoretical foundation and a practical classification of the sub-issues raised by scholars, even though their discussions of the matter remain limited.
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