الخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس رهاب الذكاء الاصطناعي

Abdipour, N., Rakhshanderou, S., & Ghaffari, M. (2024). Validity and reliability of the TechPH scale in assessing Iranian older adults’ attitudes toward technology. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 907. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05502-3

Al Jazeera Net. (2025a). “It poses a danger to humanity”: 700 scientists, politicians, and international business leaders call for a halt to the development of super-intelligence. https://ajm.news/5duvlp

Al Jazeera Net. (2025b). Among them are the fathers of technology: 200 global figures are calling for a halt to the artificial intelligence race. https://aja.ws/uegxq1

Alshaibani, M. H., Al-Rahmi, W. M., & Tawafak, R. M. (2025). Psychometric validation of the artificial intelligence anxiety scale: A confirmatory factor analysis for academic research. Contemporary Educational Technology, 17(4), Article ep595. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17309

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.

Chen, C., Hu, W., & Wei, X. (2025). From anxiety to action: Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence anxiety and artificial intelligence self-efficacy on motivated learning of undergraduate students. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(4), 3162–3177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2440877

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.

DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications (5th ed.). SAGE.

Friedmann, V. (2024). Future of Life Institute and the international politics of AI apocalypse. In The Palgrave handbook of non-state actors in East–West relations (pp. 651–663). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39074-3_37

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Jay, T. B. (1981). Computerphobia: What to do about it. Educational Technology, 21(1), 47–48.

Johnson, D. G., & Verdicchio, M. (2017). AI anxiety. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(9), 2267–2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23867

Khasawneh, O. Y. (2018). Technophobia: Examining its hidden factors and defining it. Technology in Society, 54, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.03.008

Kim, J. J., Soh, J., Kadkol, S., Solomon, I., Yeh, H., Srivatsa, A. V., et al. (2025). AI anxiety: A comprehensive analysis of psychological factors and interventions. AI and Ethics, 5(4), 3993–4009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00686-9

Lee, P. Y. K., Ma, N. F., Kim, I. J., & Yoon, D. (2023). Speculating on risks of AI clones to selfhood and relationships: Doppelganger-phobia, identity fragmentation, and living memories. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7(CSCW1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3579524

Li, J., & Huang, J. S. (2020). Dimensions of artificial intelligence anxiety based on the integrated fear acquisition theory. Technology in Society, 63, Article 101410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101410

Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., et al. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages. McKinsey Global Institute.

Martínez-Córcoles, M., Teichmann, M., & Murdvee, M. (2017). Assessing technophobia and technophilia: Development and validation of a questionnaire. Technology in Society, 51, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.09.007

Müller, V. C., & Bostrom, N. (2016). Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. In V. C. Müller (Ed.), Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence (pp. 555–572). Springer.

OpenTools. (2024). The rise of unpredictable AI: A looming challenge for human control. https://opentools.ai/news/the-rise-of-unpredictable-ai-a-looming-challenge-for-human-control#section5

Osiceanu, M. E. (2015). Psychological implications of modern technologies: "Technophobia" versus "technophilia." Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.229

Roccetti, M. (2025). The fear of AI: A simple story of complexity. Annales: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Class of Physical Sciences, 3, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.30682/annalesps2403l

Rosen, L. D., Sears, D. C., & Weil, M. M. (1987). Computerphobia. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 19(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203781

Samuel, J., Khanna, T., Esguerra, J., Sundar, S., Pelaez, A., & Bhuyan, S. S. (2025). The rise of artificial intelligence phobia! Unveiling news-driven spread of AI fear sentiment using ML, NLP and LLMs. IEEE Access.

Sindermann, C., Yang, H., Elhai, J. D., Yang, S., Quan, L., Li, M., & Montag, C. (2022). Acceptance and fear of artificial intelligence: Associations with personality in a German and a Chinese sample. Discover Psychology, 2(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-022-00020-y

Sparrow, R. (2016). Robots and respect: Assessing the case against autonomous weapon systems. Ethics & International Affairs, 30(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679415000647

Wang, C. Y., Song, Y., Wu, C. Y., & Yang, P. T. (2020). The moderating effect of artificial intelligence phobia on the relationship between trust and product promotion effectiveness: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 2020 11th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning (pp. 356–359).

Wang, G., Obrenovic, B., Gu, X., & Godinic, D. (2025). Fear of the new technology: Investigating the factors that influence individual attitudes toward generative artificial intelligence (AI). Current Psychology, 44(9), 8050–8067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07357-2

Wang, Y. M., Wei, C. L., Lin, H. H., Wang, S. C., & Wang, Y. S. (2024). What drives students’ AI learning behavior: A perspective of AI anxiety. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(6), 2584–2600. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2153147

Wang, Y. Y., & Wang, Y. S. (2022). Development and validation of an artificial intelligence anxiety scale: An initial application in predicting motivated learning behavior. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(4), 619–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1674887

Yampolskiy, R. V. (2024). AI: Unexplainable, unpredictable, uncontrollable. Chapman & Hall/CRC.