وقف حبس المدين في ظل جائحة كورونا: دراســة في ضوء أحكام التشريع الأردني والشريعة الاسلامية
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/law.v50i1.3791الكلمات المفتاحية:
الإكراه البدني، التعزير بالمدين، بدائل الحبس، ضمانات الدائن، الحبس التنفيذيالملخص
الأهداف: يهدف البحث إلى إعادة النظر في مشروعية حبس المدين بين التشريع الأردني، والفقه الإسلامي نتيجة إيقاف حبس المدين، وتجميد ملاحقته جزائياً بموجب أمر الدفاع رقم (28/2021) في حال استحقاق دين عليه أو تحريره شيكات لا يقابلها رصيد، بهدف السيطرة على الحالة الوبائية، ومراعاة الظروف الاقتصادية المرتبطة بجائحة كورونا (COVID-19)، ويكشف الأمر عن ضرورة خلق معايير جديدة توازن بين مصلحة الدائن ومدينه.
المنهجية: اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي من خلال استعراض أوامر الدفاع والنصوص ذات العلاقة، ثم تحليلها تحليلا دقيقا، بالإضافة الى المقارنة بين أحكام القانون الوضعي والشريعة الإسلامية.
النتائج: توصل البحث الى عجز الضمانات الحالية المتعلقة بحجز أموال المدين ومنعه من السفر عن تحصيل حقوق الدائن، مما يستدعي ضرورة استحداث ضمانات أخرى أكثر فاعلية، وإيجاد حلول بديلة لتسوية المصالح المتعارضة بين أطراف الدين، كما أكد على ضرورة الإبقاء على إجراء الحبس كوسيلة ناجعة في الضغط المعنوي على المدين لأداء الدين، في ضوء البُعد الفلسفي لمقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية وهو تحقيق الردع العام.
الخلاصة: أوصى البحث على ضرورة استغلال التكنولوجيا والتقنيات الحديثة في (الحماية الوقائية) للدائن من خلال الكشف الائتماني عن حال المتعاملين قبل منحهم الدين، وفي (الحماية اللاحقة) من خلال إيجاد بدائل للحبس جراء تعذر تنفيذه حالياً، مثل تطبيق نظام السوار الإلكتروني على المدين، الذي يتبعه إلزام الأخير بأداء عمل تحت المراقبة الأمنية عن بُعد.
التنزيلات
المراجع
Abdel Aziz, A. (1955) . Al-Tazir in Islamic Law, 1st Edition, Cairo, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi.
Abdul Muti, R. (2014) The calculation of the procrastinating debtor in Islamic jurisprudence: a contemporary critical study, Journal of Jurisprudence and Law, p. 15, pages: 13-15.
Abdul Salam, A. (1995) The new concept of the check in the Federal Commercial Transactions Law No. (18) of 1993 and the crime of issuing a check without balance, Police Thought, Sharjah Police General Command - Police Research Center, Vol. 4, p. 1, pages: 276 - 301.
Al-Amayreh, M. (2018). Imprisonment of the debtor in the Jordanian implementation law compared to Islamic jurisprudence and international covenants, Master's thesis, Amman Arab University - College of Law, Amman - Jordan.
Al-Amayreh, M. (2019). Imprisonment of the debtor in the Jordanian implementation law compared to Islamic jurisprudence and international covenants, Journal of Economic, Administrative and Legal Sciences, National Research Center (Gaza), Vol. 3, p. 5, pages: 1-19.
Al-Atee, O. (2013). Preventive Composition from Bankruptcy in Law and the Position of Islamic Jurisprudence on it, Dirasat: Shari’a and Law Sciences, University of Jordan, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages: 122-139.
Al-Bahouti, Mansour bin Younes (1997). Scouts of the mask on the board of persuasion, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya.
Al-Bukhari A. (2012). Al-Resala Foundation, Beirut-Lebanon, Book of Testimonies, Chapter: Whoever establishes the evidence after the oath, Hadith No. (2680), vol. 1.
Al-Derini, F. (2008). The theory of abuse in the use of the right in Islamic jurisprudence, Beirut, Dar Al-Bashir.
Al-Hindawi, H. (2011). The rule of warding off corruption takes precedence over bringing benefit: a jurisprudential study, Journal of Sharia and Law, International University of Africa, p. 17, pages: 95-142.
Al-Hiti, N. (2020). The role of the World Health Organization in confronting Covid-19: Reality and ambition, Journal of the College of Law for Legal and Political Sciences, University of Kirkuk - College of Law and Political Science, pages: 167-175.
Al-Kilani, M. (2013). Rules of Evidence and Implementation, 1st Edition, Amman: House of Culture for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Maaroufi, M. (1999). Physical coercion in civil debts, Moroccan Journal of Economics and Comparative Law, Cadi Ayyad University - Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences, No. 32, pages: 89-99.
Al-Munajjid in Language and Media (1986). Floor 36, Beirut - Lebanon, Dar Al-Mashreq.
Al-Obaidi, N. (2019). The crime of issuing checks without balance in the light of Islamic Sharia and Yemeni law, Al-Qalam Journal, Al-Qalam University for Humanities and Applied Sciences, p. 12, pages: 244-280.
Al-Qalawi, H. (2020), Cancellation of the Debtor’s Imprisonment and its Impact on the Guarantees of Collection of Creditors’ Rights in Jordanian Law, Master’s Thesis, Al-Isra Private University, Amman - Jordan.
Al-Qawqazeh, A. (2016). Alternative Punishments in Jordanian Penal Legislation: Between Reality and Desired, Al-Nadwa Journal for Legal Studies, Qara Walid, p. 8, pp. 36-3:.
Al-Rafei, A. (1997). Fath Al-Aziz, with the explanation of Al-Wajeez, I 1, Dar Al-Fikr for printing, publishing and distribution, Damascus
Al-Rawajih, O. (2015). Imprisonment of the Debtor between the Jordanian Execution Law, International Agreements and Islamic Jurisprudence: A Comparative Study, Master's Thesis, Al-Isra Private University, Amman - Jordan.
Al-Sabihat, I. (2017). The Problems of Debtor’s Imprisonment and Alternative Solutions: A Study of the Provisions of the Jordanian Execution Law, Master’s Thesis, Mutah University, Karak - Jordan.
Al-Youssef, A. (2010). Punishment for a non-financial procrastinator in jurisprudence and order, Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Sharia Sciences and Islamic Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, Volume 2, Number 50, pages: 277-363.
Al-Zoubi, S. (2015). The clan in the Islamic society: a recent objective study, Ph.D. thesis, International University of Islamic Sciences, Amman - Jordan.
Al-Zubaidi, A. (2012). Implementation of imprisonment on the debtor: an applied legal jurisprudence study, Ph.D. thesis, University of Jordan.
Al-Zuhaili, M. (2006) Fiqh rules and their applications in the four schools of thought, University of Sharjah, Dar Al-Fikr, Damascus, 1, 2006.
Amer, G., Abbasa, Taher. (2018). The electronic bracelet is an alternative procedure to freedom-depriving punishment in Algerian legislation, Journal of Judicial Jurisprudence, University of Mohamed Khider Biskra - Faculty of Law and Political Science - Informer of the impact of jurisprudence on the legislative movement, Algeria, p. 16, pages: 177-195.
Arabic Language Academy (2004). Intermediate Dictionary, 4th floor, Egypt, Al-Shorouk International Library.
Bouzina, A. (2016). Alternatives to Freedom Depriving Punishments in Algerian Legislation: Punishment for Public Benefit Work as a Model, Al-Mufker Journal, University of Mohamed Khider in Biskra, p. 13, pages: 125-150.
Correction and Rehabilitation Centers Law No. (9) of 2004, Official Gazette No.: 4656, page 2045:, Date: 4/29/2004ز CRIF Jordan's official website: https://www.crif.jo/Default/Ar
Defense Law No (1992) . 13, Year: 1992, Official Gazette Number: 3815, Page: 586, Date: March 25,.
Defense Order No. (28) for the year 2021, issued in accordance with the provisions of Defense Law No. (13) for the year 1992, Official Gazette No.: 5707, page: 1236, date: 3/28/2021.
Diab, B. (2010). The check without balance, Security and Life, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Vol. 29, p. 332, pages: 73-75.
El Kassani, A. (1986). Badaa’ al-Sana’i in the arrangement of the laws, 2nd floor, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.
El-Sherbiny, Sh. (1994). Mughni in need of knowing the meanings of the words of the curriculum, i 1, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.
Fohal, R. (2018). The impact of electronic surveillance on the convict under Algerian law, Journal of Legal and Political Thought, Ammar Tleji University in Laghouat - Faculty of Law and Political Science, p. 3, pages: 333-316.
Girard, C. (1998). A Dictionary of Legal Terms, translated by Mansour Al-Qadi, 1st Edition, Beirut, University Foundation for Studies and Publishing.
Haddad, E. (1988). On the crime of drawing a check without balance, The Arab Journal for Security Studies, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Part 4, p. 7, pages: 121-141.
Hamdan, A. (2007). Imprisonment in Islamic Jurisprudence, Journal of Islamic Studies, University of Khartoum, Volume 1, Pages: 117-142.
Hassouni, M. (2012). Restricting the freedom of the debtor in Islamic jurisprudence: a comparative jurisprudence study, Journal of Jurisprudence and Law, No. 2, pages: 118-140.
Hourani, M. (2012). The clan is a social capital: a sociological study of the components of clan loyalty and its transformations in the Jordanian society, the Jordanian Journal of Social Sciences, University of Jordan, volume 5, p. 2, pages: 101-172.
Hussein Al. (2011). The rule of the absolute applies to its release if the restriction is not established by text or evidence, Master's Thesis, Islamic University (Gaza).
Ibn Farhoun, Ibrahim bin Ali bin Muhammad. (1986). The Rulers’ Insight into the Origins of the Districts and the Curricula of Judgments, Volume 1, Cairo, Al-Azhar Colleges Library.
Ibn Qudamah, Muwaffaq al-Din. (1968), the singer by Ibn Qudamah, Egypt, Cairo Library.
Ibn Taymiyyah, T. (1995). Total Fatwas, Verified: Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Qasim, King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Noble Qur’an, Medina of the Prophet, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ibrahim, M., Al-Zayat, A., Hamed, A., Al-Najjar, M. (B. S.). The intermediate dictionary, the first part of the hamza to the end of the dhad, the Islamic library for printing, publishing and distribution.
Islamweb, Islamic Library, Mustadrak on the Two Sahihs, Book of Zakat, paragraph 567, p.43, date of visit 15/6/2021, at 20:00, direct electronic link:
https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php ?page=bookcontents&idfrom=1415&idto=1415&bk_no=74&ID=579
Jordanian Execution Law No. (25) of 2007, Official Gazette No.: 4821, Page:: 2262, Date: 04-16-2007.
Jordanian Penal Code No. (16) for the year 1960, number of articles: 476, number of the Official Gazette: 1487, page: 374, date 1/5/1960.
Jordanian Trade Law No. (12) for the year 1966, number of articles: 480, number of the Official Gazette: 1910, page: 472, date: 3/30/1966.
Kasasbeh, F. (2012). The role of modern punitive systems in reform and rehabilitation: a comparative study, Jordan: Journal of Sharia and Law Sciences, University of Jordan, vol. 39, p. 2, pages: 387-402.
Kattan, I. (2016). Human Rights and the Rules of Forced Execution in Qatari Law, Legal and Judicial Journal, Ministry of Justice - Center for Legal and Judicial Studies, Q. 10, p. 2, pages 103-65:.
Khojaly, O. (2016). Stone, Bankruptcy and Insolvency, The Banker’s Journal, Central Bank of Sudan, No. 79, pages: 29-32.
Madeleine, G. (1993). Translated by Sam Ammar, Social Sciences Curricula, 1st Edition, Damascus, The Arab Center for Arabization, Translation, Authoring and Publishing.
Mahamid, M. (2011). The Legal Value of Treaties in the Jordanian Constitution of 1952 and its Amendments, Journal of Law, Kuwait University - Scientific Publication Council, Vol. 35, No. 4, pages: 421-468.
Majali, T. (2010). Alternatives to freedom-depriving penalties from the point of view of judges and lawyers in Jordan: A field study of the Capital Governorate, PhD thesis, Mutah University, Karak - Jordan.
Mazuz, B. (2020). The electronic bracelet and its effectiveness in the time of Corona, Journal of Business Disputes, Hisham Al-Araj, Morocco, p. 51, pages: 9.54-4
Mufleh, Y. (2016). Imprisonment as a Means of Executing Civil Obligation According to the Jordanian Execution Law, The Egyptian Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, Egypt, No. 8, pages: 464-494.
Muhammad bin, A. (2004) The Beginning of the Mujtahid and the End of the Economical, Cairo, Dar Al-Hadith.
Mukhtar, B. (2020). The victory and the fulfillment of the right in person in the Maliki school of thought, Scientific Journal of Sharia Sciences, Al-Marqab University, p. 3, pages: 102-132.
Muwaffaq Al-Din A (1968), Al-Mughni, Egypt, Cairo Library.
Obeidat, I. (2017). Problems of seizing and selling the debtor's immovable property according to the Jordanian implementation law, Master's thesis, Yarmouk University, Irbid - Jordan.
Personal interview with Mr Abu Ail H: Head of the Collection Department, and Ms. Al-Sarayrah T: Liaison Officer of the Jordanian Hajj Fund. Directorate of Public Funds, Ministry of Finance, on Sunday, 23/5/2021, at 13:00.
Procedure Law (Repealed) No. (31) of 1952, Official Gazette No.: 1108, Page: 207, Date: 17/5/1952.
Rashidi, M. (1996). When is the check without balance? , Economics and Accounting, Trade Club, p. 535.
Responses, O. (4/CCPR/C/JOR/Q) to be taken up in connection with the consideration of the fourth periodic report of Jordan, Human Rights Committee, Hundredth Session, 11-29 October 2010-Geneva.
Saad, B. (2011). Alternatives to freedom-depriving penalties and their impact on reducing criminal risk: A comparative study, PhD thesis, Amman Arab University, Jordan.
Saad, T. (2017). The crime of issuing a check without balance in Palestinian legislation in the light of Islamic law, Master's Thesis, Islamic University (Gaza).
Saadoun, A. (2016). Reflections on alternatives to freedom-depriving penalties in Danish law, The Moroccan Journal of Legal and Judicial Governance, Abd al-Rahim al-Dhawi, p. 1, pages: 71-90.
Saleh, A. (2021). Director of the Jordan Islamic Bank - Sports City Branch, Amman, on Thursday, 27/5/2021, at 14:45.
Shamout, H. (2013), Imprisonment of the Debtor in Islamic Law, Journal of Legal and Political Sciences (Scientific Society for Research and Strategic Studies), Iraq, Vol. 5, No. 8, pages: 265-298
Social networking site, Mishaal Bani Khaled, Lawyer of the Palace of Justice Group, Facebook, date of visit: 29/5/2021, at 20:00, direct link: https://web.facebook.com/groups/JordanianLawyers/permalink/10159376765851399
Temporary Procedure Law (Repealed) No. (75) for the year 1951, Official Gazette No.: 1071, page: 1073, date: 06/16/1952.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, a multilateral treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in Resolution No. 2200 of December 16 1966, which entered into force on March 23, 1976 in accordance with Article 49 of this Covenant.
Trabelsi, SH. (1992). Talents of the Galilee in a brief explanation of Khalil, 3rd floor, Damascus, Dar Al-Fikr.
Website, The Way of Islam, the books of the two Sheikhs of Islam: Abi Al-Abbas, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Abi Abdullah, Ibn Al-Qayyim, signed in: “Majmoo’ Al-Fatwa” (5/265), “Information of the Signatories” (3/241) and “Al-Rouh” (p. 244), date of visit: 29/5/2021, direct link, article: http://iswy.co/ev62b.


