أثر تغير التكييف الفقهي لعلاقة حملة الوثائق بحساب التأمين على عقد التأمين التكافلي
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/law.v51i2.4705الكلمات المفتاحية:
التكييف الفقهي، التأمين التكافلي، شركات التأمين الإسلاميةالملخص
الأهداف: هدف البحث إلى تناول التكييفات الفقهية لعلاقة حملة الوثائق بحساب التأمين، وأثر تغير تلك التكييفات على عقد التأمين التكافلي، حيث اختلف تكييف عقد التأمين التكافلي، فالبعض اعتبره قائماً على المعاوضة بين القسط والتعويض، فيما اعتبره البعض الآخر قائماً على الهبة المشروطة (هبة بعوض)، أما جمهور العلماء المعاصرين فقد كيفوه على الالتزام بالتبرع، وهذا ما رجحته المعايير الشرعية، واختار مجمع الفقه الإسلامي تكييف التأمين التكافلي على أساس التعاون، فيما اعتبره البعض قائماً على مبدأ الوقف، واختار البعض تكييفه على أساس المناهدة، والبعض الآخر اختار تكييفه على أساس المعاوضة التعاونية، فيما وجدت تكييفات أخرى تجمع بين المعاوضة والتبرع في تكييف التأمين التكافلي.
المنهجية: يتمثل منهج البحث في المنهج الاستقرائي، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي، من خلال استقراء التكييفات الفقهية التي قدمها العلماء المعاصرون للتأمين التكافلي، ووصفها وتحليلها وبيان أثر تغيرها على العقد.
النتائج: إن التكييف الفقهي الذي اختارته الدراسة هو تكييف التأمين التكافلي على أساس الالتزام بالتبرع عملاً بما نصت عليه المعايير الشرعية، كما توصلت الدراسة إلى أن استثمار الفائض التأميني لا يختلف باختلاف التكييف الفقهي للتأمين التكافلي، لكن يختلف من يقوم بالاستثمار بحسب من يملك الفائض التأميني بناء على اختلاف التكييف الفقهي، كما أن العلاقة بين المشتركين أنفسهم في التأمين التكافلي تتغير بتغير التكييف الفقهي، وفيما يتعلق بالحوكمة الشرعية ووجود هيئة الرقابة الشرعية فإن وجودها مطلوب ولا يتأثر بتغير التكييف الفقهي للتأمين التكافلي، أما بالنسبة للزكاة فإن وجوبها يختلف باختلاف التكييف الفقهي للتأمين التكافلي.
الخلاصة: هناك العديد من التكييفات الفقهية لعقد التأمين التكافلي، ويؤثر تغير التكييف الفقهي على التأمين التكافلي في بعض النقاط المتعلقة بهذا العقد.
التنزيلات
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