The Effect of a Training Program Based on the Bar-on Model for Emotional Intelligence to Improve Body Image in Jordan

Nisreen  Al-Shamaileh

doi:10.35516/edu.v50i4.4562

Authors

Nisreen Al-Shamaileh Department of Psychology and Special Education, Princess Alia University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-085X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/edu.v50i4.4562

Keywords:

Emotional intelligence, Bar-On's model, Body image, adolescence stage

Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an emotional intelligence-based training program on improving body image among a sample of adolescent girls aged between 12 and 15 years.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 28 adolescent girls who scored the lowest on the body image scale, randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. To achieve the study objectives, a training program consisting of 21 sessions was developed based on the dimensions of the Bar-On model: Personal dimension, Interpersonal dimension, Adaptability, Stress Management, and General Mood.

Results: The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed the effectiveness of the training program in improving body image among adolescent girls at a significance level of (α≤0.05) in favor of the experimental group. The results also showed improvements in the dimensions of overall appearance, weight, face, and body areas for the experimental group in the post-test, but no significant changes were observed in the attitude towards cosmetic procedures. This might be attributed to the models presented to adolescents through media, modern communication, and intensive promotion of cosmetic procedures via these platforms.

Conclusions: Based on the results, it is evident that the emotional intelligence program was effective in improving body image among adolescent girls.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu Ghazal, M. (2015). Emotional and social growth. (1st ed.). Amman, Jordan: Wael Publishing House.

Abu Odeh, H. (2014). Emotional intelligence, level of ambition, and decision-making for tenth-graders in the Gaza Strip. Unpublished Master Thesis, Islamic University, Gaza.

Akos, P., & Levitt, D. H. (2002). Promoting healthy body image in middle school. Professional School Counseling, 6(2), 138-144.

Al-Abadisah, A. (2013). Satisfaction with body image and its relationship to depression among a sample of Palestinian Adolescentsrs in the Gaza Strip. Islamic Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, University of Gaza, 21(2), 41-61.

Al-Abdullah, A. (2008). A training program's effectiveness in developing emotional intelligence in academic and social adjustment and attitudes towards school among gifted students in Jordan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies, Amman: Jordan.

Al-Alwan, A. (2011). Emotional intelligence and its relationship with social skills and attachment styles of university students in light of specialization and gender. Jordan Journal of Education Science, 7(2), 125-144.

Al-Alwan, A. (2016). The effectiveness of a training program in emotional intelligence reduces behavioral problems among a sample of tenth-grade students. Journal of the Federation of Arab Universities for Education and Psychology, 14(4), 11-49.

Al-Awaidi, A., & Al-Rousan, F. (2013). Deriving Jordanian standards for the bar-on scale: The youth version of emotional intelligence in a Jordanian sample of regular and gifted students. Educational Sciences Studies, 40(2), 548-568.

Al-Desouky, M. (2006). Body image disorder "causes - diagnosis - prevention - treatment". A series of mental disorders (2). Cairo: The Anglo Egyptian Library.

Al-Hajji, M. (2007). Adolescence world (1st ed.). Damascus: Syria: Al Maktabi Publishing House.

Al-Mutairi, R. (2011). Irrational thoughts and their relationship to perceiving the body image of adolescent girls in the middle stage. Unpublished Master Thesis, Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Attia, R. (2013). Identity crisis and its relationship to the image of the body in adolescents. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.

Bar-On, R. (1997a). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): a test of emotional intelligence. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.

Bar-On, R. (2004). Emotional quotient-inventory.

Breda, C., & Heflinger, C. A. (2004). Predicting incentives to change among adolescents with substance abuse disorder. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(2), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1081/ada-120037377

Calero, A. D., Barreyro, J. P., & Injoque-Ricle, I. (2018). Emotional intelligence and self-perception in adolescents. Europe's journal of psychology, 14(3), 632.

Casino-García, A. M., Llopis-Bueno, M. J., & Llinares-Insa, L. I. (2021). Emotional intelligence profiles and self-esteem/self-concept: An analysis of relationships in gifted students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031006

Chimhenga, S. (2002). Behaviour problems of adolescents in secondary schools of Bulawayo: causes, manifestations and educational support (Doctoral dissertation).

Costarelli, V., & Stamou, D. (2009). Emotional intelligence, body image and disordered eating attitudes in combat sport athletes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 7(2), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1728-869x(09)60013-7

Costarelli., V., Demerzi, M., & Stamou, D. (2009). Disordered eating attitudes concerning body image and emotional intelligence in young women. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 22(3), 239-245.

Crick, A. (2002). Emotional intelligence, social competence, and success in high school students. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Western Kentucky University.

Cuesta-Zamora, C., González-Martí, I., & García-López, L. M. (2018). The role of trait emotional intelligence in body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in preadolescents and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 126, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.021

Davidson, T., & McCabe, M. (2006). Adolescent body image and psychosocial functioning. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.146.1.15-30

El-Amrousy, N. (2015). Body image and its relationship to some psycho-social variables among university students in Saudi society. Future of Arab Education Magazine, 14(4), 11-49.

Elias, M. J., & Weissberg, R. P. (2000). Primary prevention: Educational approaches to enhance social and emotional learning. Journal of School Health, 70(5), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb06470.x

Freedman, J. (2003). Key lessons from 35 years of social-emotional education: How self-science builds self-awareness, positive relationships, and healthy decision-making. Perspectives in Education, 21(4), 69-80.

Garaigordobil, M. (2020). Intrapersonal emotional intelligence during adolescence: sex differences, connection with other variables, and predictors. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 10(3), 899-914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10030064

Gardner, A. A., & Lambert, C. A. (2019). Examining the interplay of self-esteem, trait-emotional intelligence, and age with depression across adolescence. Journal of adolescence, 71, 162-166.

Gardner, A.A., & Lambert, C.A. (2019). Examining the interplay of self-esteem, trait-emotional intelligence, and age with depression across adolescence. Journal of adolescence, 71, 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.008

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2006). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(4), 622– 640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.622

Gugliandolo, M. C., Costa, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Larcan, R., & Martino, G. (2020). Adolescents and body uneasiness: the contribution of supportive parenting and trait emotional intelligence. Journal of Child and Family studies, 29, 2453-2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01779-1

Henley, M., & Long, N. J. (1999). Teaching emotional intelligence to impulsive-aggressive youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 7(4), 224-229.

Holsen, I., Kraft, P., & Røysamb, E. (2001). The relationship between body image and depressed mood in adolescence: A 5-year longitudinal panel study. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(6), 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910530100600601

Kafafi, A., & El-Nial, M. (1995). Body image and personality variables among adolescent samples: An associational, cross-cultural, evolutionary study. Cairo: Egypt: University Knowledge House.

Kelly, K., & Moon, S. (1998). Personal and social talents. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(10), 743-746.

Kim, O., & Kim, K. (2006). Comparing body mass index, perception of body weight, body shape satisfaction, and self-esteem among Korean adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(3), 1339-1346. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1339

Kırat, M. N. & Dilmaç, B. (2021). Predictive Relationships Between Cyber Bullying, Body Image and Emotional İntelligence in Adolescents. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 1990-2007. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.761037

Lopes, P. N., Brackett, M. A., Nezlek, J. B., Schütz, A., Sellin, I., & Salovey, P. (2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 1018-1034.

Maharaj, P., & Ramsaroop, A. (2022). Emotional intelligence as a contributor to enhancing educators’ quality of life in the COVID-19 era. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 921343.

Matar, G. (2004). The effect of an educational program is based on the theory of emotional intelligence on the level of this intelligence and the degree of violence among aggressive students in the fifth and sixth grades. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Jordan, College of Educational Sciences.

Mayer, J., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In Emotional development and emotional intelligence. Educational implications, (pp. 3-34). New York: Harper Collins.

Melhem, S. (2012). The effect of eating disorders, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and self-esteem in satisfaction with body image among a sample of adolescents in Jordan. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Banha University, 23(90), 1-32.

Modrzejewska, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., Modrzejewska, J., Roszkowska, A., Zembura, M., & Matusik, P. (2022). # childhoodobesity–A brief literature review of the role of social media in body image shaping and eating patterns among children and adolescents. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 993460. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.993460

Peng, W., Li, D., Li, D., Jia, J., Wang, Y., & Sun, W. (2019). School disconnectedness and Adolescent Internet Addiction: Mediation by self-esteem and moderation by emotional intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.011

Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00084-9

Pollatos, O., Georgiou, E., Kobel, S., Schreiber, A., Dreyhaupt, J., & Steinacker, J. M. (2020). Trait-based emotional intelligence, body image dissatisfaction, and HRQoL in children. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00973

Saikia, L., & Mathur, A. (2015). A study on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Advanced Research Journal of Social Science, 6(1), 1-8.

Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG

Sharman, F. (2007). Adolescence and its secrets. (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: The Modern Library for Printing and Publishing.

Smith, E., & Rieger, E. (2006). The effect of attentional bias toward shape-and weight-related information on body dissatisfaction. International Journal of eating disorders, 39(6), 509-515. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20291

Villanueva, L., Prado-Gascó, V., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022). Longitudinal analysis of subjective well-being in preadolescents: The role of emotional intelligence, self-esteem and perceived stress. Journal of health psychology, 27(2), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320951605

Weiss, J. W., Mouttapa, M., Cen, S., Johnson, C. A., & Unger, J. (2011). Longitudinal effects of hostility, depression, and bullying on adolescent smoking initiation. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(6), 591-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.012

Wong, Y., Lin, J. S., & Chang, Y. J. (2014). Body satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and the development of disturbed eating: A survey of Taiwanese students. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23(4), 651-659.