The Effectiveness of a Training Program For Parents on Awareness of Alternative Treatments For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/Edu.2025.11356

Keywords:

Training program, alternative treatments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to design a training program to enhance parents' awareness of alternative treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to verify its effectiveness.

Methods: A quasi-experimental approach was applied to a sample of 30 parents of children with ADHD. The study utilized two main tools: a scale measuring parents’ awareness of ADHD treatment methods and a training program designed to increase awareness of alternative treatments for ADHD.

Results: The findings indicated statistically significant differences between pre- and post-measurements of parents’ awareness levels. The training program effectively improved understanding of various ADHD-related interventions, including nutrition and herbal approaches, physical activities and fine arts, as well as behavioral and occupational therapies.

Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance of educational programs in increasing parental awareness of ADHD treatment alternatives, particularly given the growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions for children with ADHD.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu Al-Ata, A., & Naguib, N. (2020). Patterns of childhood abuse as risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: A study based on recall of childhood experiences. Arab Studies in Psychology, 19(2), 435–477.

Ahmed, S. M. (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a rural area of Sohag Governorate. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 36(4), 23–32.

Al-Maamari, A., & Al-Shorbaji, S. (2018). Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder as predictors of social adjustment among students with learning disabilities in primary schools in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (JASS), 9(3).

Al-Otaibi, D., Al-Rababa, Y., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and its relationship to juvenile delinquency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 10(34, Part 2), 85–120.

Alrahili, N., Al Harthi, M. A., Ababtain, S. J., Al Sharif, S. S., Alnuwaysir, M. A., & Al Huzaimi, R. F. (2022). Parental attitudes and beliefs toward attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh City. Psych, 4(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4020020

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2003). Family pediatrics: Report of the task force on the family. Pediatrics, 111(Supplement 2), 1541–1571.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Arnold, L. E., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Madhoo, M., & Kewley, G. (2020). Long-term outcomes of ADHD: Academic achievement and performance. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714566076

Bailey, R. K., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar, A. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(5), 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1011-9

Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Santosh, P., Zuddas, A., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., & Döpfner, M. (2018). Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(4), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1106-0

Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.

Ben Abbas, N. (2023). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and its relationship to nutritional awareness and daily eating practices of their mothers. Scientific Research and Studies, 17(1), 886–905.

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research, 144(2–3), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.004

Cerrillo-Urbina, A. J., García-Hermoso, A., Sánchez-López, M., Pardo-Guijarro, M. J., Santos Gómez, J. L., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2015). The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(6), 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12255

Chronis-Tuscano, A., Wang, C. H., Woods, K. E., Strickland, J., Stein, M. A., & McGough, J. J. (2015). Parent and teacher adherence to behavioral treatment for ADHD: A review of the literature. Child & Youth Care Forum, 44(5), 797–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9312-x

Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Döpfner, M., Ferrin, M., Hollis, C., Holtmann, M., Paramala, S., Sonuga-Barke, E., Soutullo, C., Steinhausen, H.-C., Van der Oord, S., Wong, I. C. K., ... Simonoff, E. (2023). The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: Bringing evidence to the clinic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(8), 1337–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01871-x

Coghill, D., Seth, S., & Matthews, K. (2023). Pharmacological treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 7(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00308-9

Cortese, S., Ferrin, M., Brandeis, D., Holtmann, M., Aggensteiner, P., Daley, D., ... European ADHD Guidelines Group. (2020). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.012

Cortese, S., Kelly, C., Chabernaud, C., Proal, E., Di Martino, A., Milham, M. P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2012). Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1038–1055. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521

Dixon, J. F., Akins, R., Miller, E., Breslau, J., Gill, S., Bisi, E., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2023). Changing parental knowledge and treatment acceptance for ADHD: A pilot study. Clinical Pediatrics, 62(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/00099228221148684

DuPaul, G. J., & Stoner, G. (2014). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.

Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., & Bunford, N. (2018). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(4), 527–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.850700

Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Coles, E. K., Gnagy, E. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., & O'Connor, B. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001

Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., Rohde, L. A., Yang, L., Cortese, S., Almagor, D., Stein, M. A., Albatti, T. H., Aljoudi, H. F., Alqahtani, M. M. J., Asherson, P., & Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23(7), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., ... Jin, R. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(5), 402–409.

Fayyad, J. A., Jahshan, C. S., & Karam, E. G. (2001). Systems development of child mental health services in developing countries. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 745–762.

Fiks, A. G., Mayne, S., DeBartolo, E., Power, T. J., & Guevara, J. P. (2013). Parental preferences and goals regarding ADHD treatment. Pediatrics, 132(4), 692–702.

Gershon, J. (2002). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 5(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705470200500302

Harpin, V. A. (2005). The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(Suppl 1), i2–i7.*

Healey, D., Marks, D. J., & Halperin, J. M. (2015). Examining the interplay among negative parenting, cognitive functioning, and behavior in children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9935-7

Hinshaw, S. P., & Scheffler, R. M. (2014). The ADHD explosion: Myths, medication, money, and today’s push for performance. Oxford University Press.

Hoza, B., Martin, C. P., Pirog, A., & Shoulberg, E. K. (2015). Using physical activity to manage ADHD symptoms: The state of the evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(12), 113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0643-7

Lee, C. S. C., Ng, K.-H., Chan, P. C. K., & Peng, X. (2022). Effectiveness of mindfulness parent training on parenting stress and children’s ADHD-related behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, 35, 3–24.

Lee, S. H., Kim, C. E., & Lee, Y. J. (2022). Adverse effects of stimulant medications in children and adolescents with ADHD: A review of recent literature. Pediatric Drugs, 24(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-021-00466-1

Leon, L., Tran, T., Navadia, M., Patel, J., Vanderveen, A., Cruz, M. I., Le, T.-M., Assuah, F. B., Prager, V., Patel, D., Costin, J. M., Muacevic, A., & Adler, J. R. (Eds.). (2024). Alternative treatments to pharmacological therapy in pediatric populations with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A scoping review. Cureus, 16(3), e55792. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.55792

Lukito, S., Jones, S. H., Chantiluke, K., et al. (2020). Nutritional interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(8), 1031–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715611490

Lukito, S., Norman, L., Carlisi, C., Radua, J., Hart, H., Simonoff, E., & Rubia, K. (2020). Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Psychological Medicine, 50, 894–919.

Mah, D. C., Yoon, S. Y., & Kim, H. (2021). The effects of exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031206

Mah, J. W. T., Murray, C., Locke, J., & Carbert, N. (2021). Mindfulness-enhanced behavioral parent training for clinic-referred families of children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25, 1765–1777.

Marquet-Doléac, J., Biotteau, M., & Chaix, Y. (2024). Behavioral parent training for school-aged children with ADHD: A systematic review of randomized control trials. Journal of Attention Disorders, 28, 377–393.

Mitchell, D. G. (2011). The nexus between decision making and emotion regulation: A review of convergent neurocognitive substrates. Behavioural Brain Research, 217(1), 215–231.

Mitchell, J. T. (2011). Mindfulness and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(5), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0211-3

Mohamed, N. A. M. M. (2021). The effectiveness of mindfulness training in alleviating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a sample of adolescents. Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Benha University, Egypt.

Niederhofer, H. (2011). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and celiac disease: A brief report. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 13(3).

Nigg, J. T., Lewis, K., Edinger, T., & Falk, M. (2012). Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 86–97.

Pelsser, L. M., Frankena, K., Toorman, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2011). Diet and ADHD, reviewing the evidence: A systematic review of meta-analyses of double-blind placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of diet interventions on the behavior of children with ADHD. PLOS ONE, 6(1), e7667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017667

Pievsky, M. A., & McGrath, R. E. (2018). The neurocognitive profile of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of meta-analyses. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 33(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx055

Pontifex, M. B., Saliba, B. J., Raine, L. B., Picchietti, D. L., & Hillman, C. H. (2013). Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatrics, 162(3), 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.036

Posner, J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2020). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Lancet, 395, 450–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33004-1

Prins, P. J. M., Dovis, S., Ponsioen, A., ten Brink, E., & van der Oord, S. (2013). Does computerized working memory training with game elements enhance motivation and training efficacy in children with ADHD? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0230

Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2012). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Brandeis, D., Cortese, S., Daley, D., Ferrin, M., Holtmann, M., ... Sergeant, J. A. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991

Taylor, A. F., & Kuo, F. E. (2009). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after a walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402–409.

Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Jeffries, R., & Stergiakouli, E. (2012). What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(3), 260–265.

Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., ... Blumberg, S. J. (2014). Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated ADHD: United States, 2003–2011. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001

Wehmeier, P. M., Schacht, A., & Barkley, R. A. (2010). Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.09.009

Wigal, S. B., Emmerson, N., Gehricke, J. G., & Galassetti, P. (2003). Exercise: Applications to childhood ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(4), 209–220.

World Health Organization. (2019). The medical home: Medical home initiatives for children with special needs. (Reprinted from Pediatrics, 110, 184–186, 2002). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo

Zablotsky, B., & Black, L. I. (2020). Increasing prevalence of parent-reported ADHD among children in the United States: Trends by demographic and diagnosis characteristics. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718771068

Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., & Blumberg, S. J. (2019). Estimated prevalence of children with diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States, 2016. National Health Statistics Reports, 125, 1–8. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr125-508.pdf.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-17

How to Cite

Bahkali, S. A. A. (2025). The Effectiveness of a Training Program For Parents on Awareness of Alternative Treatments For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Dirasat: Educational Sciences, 53(1), 11356. https://doi.org/10.35516/Edu.2025.11356

Issue

Section

Special Education
Received 2025-04-22
Accepted 2025-11-18
Published 2025-12-17