دور المشاهير في تعزيز التفاعلات الاجتماعية بين المعجبين باستخدام فيسبوك وإكس وإنستغرام: دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والخليج العربي

Abokhodair, N &Vieweg, S. (2016). Privacy & social media in the context of the Arab Gulf. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 672-683). ACM.

Ahmad, S., Mustafa, M., & Ullah, A. (2016). Association of demographics, motives, and intensity of using Social Networking Sites with the formation of bonding and bridging social capital in Pakistan. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 107-114.

Alassaf, H. (2025). Computerized exams use in enhancing the credibility of the education system. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(1), 394–406. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i1.4172

Al-Ghammaz, S., Alassaf, H., Alsalti, M., Almomani, H., & Hleiban, T. (2025). The role of e-learning in enhancing digital thinking skills among university students. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(1), 451–457. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i1.4178

Al-Habash, S & Ma, M. (2017). A tale of four platforms: Motivations and uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat among college students? Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1-13.

Al-Kandari, A. A., Al-Sumait, F. Y., & Al-Hunaiyyan, A. (2017). Looking perfect: Instagram use in a Kuwaiti cultural context. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 10(4), 273-290.

Al-Kandari, A., Melkote, S. R., & Sharif, A. (2016). Needs and motives of Instagram users that predict self-disclosure use: A case study of young adults in Kuwait. Journal of Creative Communications, 11(2), 85-101.

Al-Kazemi, M. F., Bowe, B. J., & Blom, R. (2012). Facilitating the Egyptian Uprising: A Case Study of Facebook and Egypt’s April 6th Youth Movement. In Cases on Web 2.0 in Developing Countries: Studies on Implementation, Application, and Use (pp. 256-282). IGI Global.

Al-Sharekh, A. (2016). Social media and the struggle for authority in the GCC. The Canadian Journal for Middle East Studies, 1(2), 8-33.

Al-Sharekh, A. (2017). GCC States and Social Media Disruption in an Era of Transition. Global Governance: retrieved on 27 April 2017 from https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/27/04/2017/gcc-states-and-social-media-disruption-era-transition

Baldauf-Quilliatre, H & De Carvajal, I. C. (2015). Is the avatar considered as a participant by the players? A conversational analysis of multi-player videogames interactions. PsychNology Journal, 13(2).

Bond, B. J. (2016). Following your “friend”: social media and the strength of adolescents' parasocial relationships with media personae. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(11), 656-660.

Brown, W. J. (2015). Examining four processes of audience involvement with media personae: Transportation, parasocial interaction, identification, and worship. Communication Theory, 25(3), 259-283.

Brown, W. J. (2015). Examining four processes of audience involvement with media personae: Transportation, parasocial interaction, identification, and worship. Communication Theory, 25(3), 259-283.

Burgess, J., Mitchell, P., & Münch, F. (2018). Social media rituals: The uses of celebrity death in digital culture. In A Networked Self: Birth, Life, Death (pp. 224-239). Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Chung, S & Cho, H. (2017). Fostering parasocial relationships with celebrities on social media: Implications for celebrity endorsement. Psychology & Marketing, 34(4), 481-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21001

Cole, T & Leets, L. (1999). Attachment styles and intimate television viewing: Insecurely forming relationships in a parasocial way. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(4), 495-511.

Clark, N. (2015). Connecting in the scandal verse: The power of social media and parasocial relationships. In Digital Technology and the Future of Broadcasting (pp. 199-213). Routledge.

Cohen, E & Tyler, W. (2016). Examining perceived distance and personal authenticity as mediators of the effects of ghost-tweeting on parasocial interaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(5), 342-346.

Dai, Y & Walther, J. (2018). Vicariously Experiencing Parasocial Intimacy with Public Figures Through Observations of Interactions on Social Media. Human Communication Research, 44(3), 322-342.

Dibble, J. L., Hartmann, T., & Rosaen, S. F. (2016). Parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship: Conceptual clarification and a critical assessment of measures. Human Communication Research, 42(1), 21-44.

Duffett, R. G. (2017). Influence of social media marketing communications on young consumers’ attitudes. Young Consumers, 18(1), 19-39.

Escalas, J & Bettman, R. (2017). Connecting with celebrities: how consumers appropriate celebrity meanings for a sense of belonging. Journal of Advertising, 46(2), 297-308.

Frederick, E. L., Lim, C. H., Clavio, G., & Walsh, P. (2012). Why we follow: An examination of parasocial interaction and fan motivations for following athlete archetypes on Twitter. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5(4), 481-502.

Gabriel, S., Valenti, J., & Young, A. F. (2016). Social surrogates, social motivations, and everyday activities: The case for a strong, subtle, and sneaky social self. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 53, pp. 189-243). Academic Press.

Gleason, T. R., Theran, S. A., & Newberg, E. M. (2017). Parasocial interactions and relationships in early adolescence. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 255.

Harmon-Kizer, T. R. (2017). The effects of schema congruity on consumer response to celebrity advertising. Journal of Marketing Communications, 23(2), 162-175.

Ho, S. S., Lee, E. W., & Liao, Y. (2016). Social network sites, friends, and celebrities: The roles of social comparison and celebrity involvement in adolescents’ body image dissatisfaction. Social media+ Society, 2(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/2056305116664216.

Hu, M. (2016). The influence of a scandal on parasocial relationships, parasocial interaction, and parasocial breakup. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(3), 217.

Hutto, C. J., Bell, C., Farmer, S., Fausset, C., Harley, L., Nguyen, J., & Fain, B. (2015). Social media gerontology: Understanding social media usage among older adults. In Web Intelligence, 13(1), 69-87.

Ingram, J & Luckett, Z. (2017). My Friend Harry’sa Wizard: Predicting Parasocial Interaction with Characters from Fiction. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(2), 148-158.

Jabeen, F., Friesen, H. L., & Ghoudi, K. (2018). Quality of work life of Emirati women and its influence on job satisfaction and turnover intention: Evidence from the UAE. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 352-370.

Kim, H., Ko, E., & Kim, J. (2015). SNS users' para-social relationships with celebrities: social media effects on purchase intentions. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 25(3), 279-294.

Kim, J & Song, H. (2016). Celebrity's self-disclosure on Twitter and parasocial relationships: A mediating role of social presence. Computers in Human Behavior, 62(2), 570-577.

Knoll, J., Schramm, H., Schallhorn, C., & Wynistorf, S. (2015). Good guy vs. bad guy: The influence of parasocial interactions with media characters on brand placement effects. International Journal of Advertising, 34(5), 720-743.

Krause, A. E., North, A. C., & Heritage, B. (2018). Musician interactions via social networking sites: Celebrity attitudes, attachment, and their correlations. Music & Science, 1(2), 1-22.

Ledbetter, A. M., & Redd, S. M. (2016). Celebrity credibility on social media: a conditional process analysis of online self-disclosure attitude as a moderator of posting frequency and parasocial interaction. Western Journal of Communication, 80(5), 601-618.

Lim, M & Kim, J. (2018). Facebook users’ loneliness based on different types of interpersonal relationships: Links to grandiosity and envy. Information Technology & People, 31(3), 646-665.

Liu, D & Baumeister, R. F. (2016). Social networking online and personality of self-worth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 79-89.

Lueck, J. A. (2015). Friend-zone with benefits: The parasocial advertising of Kim Kardashian. Journal of Marketing Communications, 21(2), 91-109.

Martin, F & Tao-Peng, F. (2017). Morality matters? Consumer identification with celebrity endorsers in China. Asian Business & Management, 16(4-5), 272-289.

Mirgani, S. (2017). Introduction: Art and Cultural Production in the GCC, Journal of Arabian Studies, 7(1), 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2017.1358939

Murthy, D., Gross, A., & Pensavalle, A. (2015). Urban social media demographics: An exploration of Twitter use in major American cities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(1), 33-49.

Nazzal, F. I., Cruz, O., & Neto, F. (2018). Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) among Palestinian university students. An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 11(2), 113–125.

Neto, F. (2014). Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in older adults. European journal of ageing, 11(4), 313-319.

Pittman, M & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167.

Quintero Johnson, J. M., & Patnoe-Woodley, P. D. (2016). Exploring the influence of parasocial relationships and experiences on radio listeners’ consumer behaviors. Communication Research Reports, 33(1), 40-46.

Rasmussen, L. (2018). Parasocial Interaction in the Digital Age: An Examination of Relationship Building and the Effectiveness of YouTube Celebrities. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 7(1), 280-294.

Rubenking, B & Bracken, C. C. (2018). Binge-watching: A suspenseful, emotional, habit. Communication Research Reports, 35(5), 381-391.

Rubin, A & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and soap opera involvement a uses and effects investigation. Human Communication Research, 14(2), 246-268.

Ruddle, R. A., Thomas, R. G., Randell, R. S., Quirke, P., & Treanor, D. (2015). Performance and interaction behaviour during visual search on large, high-resolution displays. Information Visualization, 14(2), 137-147.

Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.

Savage, M. & Spence, P. R. (2014). Will you listen? An examination of parasocial interaction and credibility on radio. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 21(1), 3-19.

Stever, G. S. (2017). Parasocial Theory: Concepts and Measures. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 2(4), 1-12.

Tiggemann, M & Zaccardo, M. (2015). Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body image, 15(1), 61-67.

Turner, F & Larson, C. (2015). Network celebrity: Entrepreneurship and the new public intellectuals. Public Culture, 27(1 (75), 53-84.

Usher, B. (2015). Twitter and the celebrity interview. Celebrity Studies, 6(3), 306–321. http://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2015.1062641

Valkenburg, P. M. (2017). Understanding self-effects in social media. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 477-490.

Van den Bulck, H., Paulussen, S., & Bels, A. (2017). Celebrity news as hybrid journalism: An assessment of celebrity coverage in Flemish newspapers and magazines. Journalism, 18(1), 44-63.

Van Hoorn, A. (2015). Individualist–collectivist culture and trust radius: A multilevel approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(2), 269-276.

Wang, Q., Fink, E. L., & Cai, D. A. (2008). Loneliness, gender, and parasocial interaction: A uses and gratifications approach. Communication Quarterly, 56(1), 87-109.

Ward, J. (2016). A content analysis of celebrity Instagram posts and parasocial interaction. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 7(1), 1-12.

Xiang, L., Zheng, X., Lee, M. K., & Zhao, D. (2016). Exploring consumers’ impulse buying behavior on social commerce platform: The role of parasocial interaction. International Journal of Information Management, 36(3), 333-347.

Yang, C. C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: interact and browse on social media, but don't compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(12), 703-708.