المسؤولية الجزائية والمدنية عن جرائم الكراهية عبر المنصات الرقمية ووسائل الإعلام الحديث في التشريع الأردني

Al-Masri, S. (2017). The tort liability arising from the use of the Internet. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

Al-Raie, A. (2022). Criminal protection of the sanctity of private life through media in Jordanian legislation: A comparative study. Amman, Jordan: The World Islamic Sciences and Education University.

Al-Raie, A. (2024). Cybercrimes: Substantive provisions of IT and artificial intelligence crimes. Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Badeel Publishing and Distribution.

Al-Saqf Al-Hayat, A. A. (2011). Defamation, slander, and insult crimes committed via electronic media. Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing and Distribution.

Al-Saeed, K. (2002). Crimes against honor and freedom. Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing and Distribution.

Alshalan, R., Al-Khalifa, H., Alsaeed, D., Al-Baity, H., & Alshalan, S. (2020). Detection of hate speech in COVID-19–related tweets in the Arab region: Deep learning and topic modeling approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12), e22609. https://doi.org/10.2196/22609

Gagliardone, I., Gal, D., Alves, T., & Martinez, G. (2015). Countering online hate speech. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000233231

Kostadinov, D. (2014). What is online defamation (a.k.a. cyber libel) and how it pertains to some contemporary legal systems? Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/KdZjm

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2019). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (16th ed.). Pearson.

Maalouf, L. (2005). Al-Munjid in language. (41st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Machreq.

Mullen, B., & Leader, T. (2005). Linguistic factors: Antilocutions, ethnonyms, ethnophaulisms, and other varieties of hate speech. In J. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 91–110). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.

Munjed, M. M. (2017). Hate crimes: A comparative analytical study. University of Sharjah Journal, 15(1), 174–195.

Nilsen, A. B. (2014). Hate speech. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.

Qarark. (n.d.). Qarark Website. https://qarark.com/

Shams, R. (1947). Freedom of opinion and press crimes: Part I. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Misriya.

Stair, R., & Reynolds, G. (2020). Principles of information systems. (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Tamizi, A. (2024). Legal responsibility for electronic media: Misuse of electronic media – A comparative study (p. 277).

UNESCO. (2015). Combating hate speech on the Internet. UNESCO Arabic Publications. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000233231

United Nations. (2017). Plan of action for religious leaders and actors to prevent incitement to violence that could lead to atrocity crimes. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/publications-and-resources/POA%20A%20Final%20web.pdf

United Nations. (2019). United Nations strategy and action plan on hate speech (p. 2). https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20and%20Action%20Plan%20on%20Hate%20Speech%2018%20June%20SYNOPSIS.pdf

Zakharia, A. (2017). New legal mechanisms to refute hatred and discrimination and their contemporary applications: A comparative study. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference "Law... A Tool for Reform and Development", 2(1), 543–565.

Zhang, Z., & Luo, L. (2018). Hate speech detection: A solved problem? The challenging case of long tail on Twitter. Semantic Web, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-180338

Judicial Decisions

• Ruling No. 13 of 2024, Maan Magistrate's Court, March 12, 2024.

• Ruling No. 31 of 2017, Court of Cassation (Criminal), January 29, 2017.

• Ruling No. 802 of 2024, Zarqa First Instance Court (Appellate), February 25, 2024.

• Ruling No. 1845 of 2022, Jordanian Court of Cassation (Civil), June 6, 2022.

• Ruling No. 2742 of 2023, Amman Magistrate’s Court, February 23, 2023.

• Ruling No. 2243 of 2002, Amman First Instance Criminal Court, cited in Al-Saqf Al-Hayat, A., p. 91+.