المعايير الذكورية السامة بين الأزواج المطلقين في الأردن

Dalal Tom; Rula  Odeh Alsawalqa; Doukhi Alhunaiti

doi:10.35516/hum.v51i3.3638

Authors

Dalal Tom Social Researcher, Department of Sociology, School of Arts, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-398X
Rula Odeh Alsawalqa Department of Sociology, School of Arts, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-5444
Doukhi Alhunaiti Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9417-4930

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v51i3.3638

Keywords:

Toxic masculinity, Man box, Structural violence, Divorce, Jordan

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to reveal the level of compliance of divorced Jordanian men with toxic masculine norms, and to reveal the level of compliance of divorced Jordanian women with their ex-husbands' compliance with toxic masculine norms. Additionally, it aims to reveal the differences between the responses of divorced Jordanian couples toward the level of compliance with toxic masculine standards and each of the following variables: (age, employment status, number of years of marriage, number of years of divorce, educational level, income, number of children).

Methods: The study applied the social survey method, and it chose an appropriate sample of (275) divorced men and women from the three regions (North, South, and Center) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Results: The findings found that divorced Jordanian men comply with the toxic masculine norms of "exaggerated self-reliance", "violence and aggressive behavior", "masculine dominance and control", and "restrictive emotionality", respectively. Their level of compliance also increases as they age, the number of years they divorce, and the number of years they marry, while their level of compliance decreases with the increase in their level of education. Moreover, their level of compliance was not affected by their income level, employment status, or whether they had children or not.

Conclusion: Toxic masculine norms constitute social pressures on men and dictate how to act like real men in a harmful way, requiring them to be violent, emotionally repressive, controlling, not asking for help, being overly self-reliant, and exercising their power over women and weaker men. Although men's compliance with these standards and characteristics made them common and normal in patriarchal societies, they still negatively affect both women and men and contribute to the termination of the marital relationship.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agostino, J. K. (2015), Influence of gender-based violence on the implementation of community development projects: A case of Gikui Mweru Water Project in Igoji East Ward, Meru County, Kenya. Unpublished Thesis. University of Nairobi.

Alsawalqa R. (2021), Evaluating Female Experiences of Electronic Dating Violence in Jordan: Motivations, Consequences, and Coping Strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:719702.

Alsawalqa R. Sa’deh, Y. and Alrawashdeh M. (2021), Jordanian Men’s Experience of Emotional Abuse in Marital Relationships: The Role of Marriage Length and Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:689235.

Alsawalqa, R. (2020), Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative Study. SAGE Open, 10(4).

Alsawalqa, R. (2021), A qualitative study to investigate male victims’ experiences of female-perpetrated domestic abuse in Jordan. Current Psychology.

Alsawalqa, R. O., Alrawashdeh, M. N., & Hasan, S. (2021). Understanding the Man Box: the link between gender socialization and domestic violence in Jordan. Heliyon, 7(10), e08264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08264.

Alsawalqa, R. (2021), Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urban classifications. Humanities and social sciences communications, 8:186. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00853-3.

Alsawalqa, R. and Alrawashdeh, M. (2022), The role of patriarchal structure and gender stereotypes in cyber dating abuse: A qualitative examination of male perpetrators experiences. The British Journal of Sociology, 73 (3), 587-606.

Baker, P. Dworkin, S. Tong, S. Banks, I. Shand, T. and Yamey, G. (2014), The men’s health gap: Men must be included in the global health equity agenda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(‎8)‎, 618-620. World Health Organization.

Bosson, J. and Vandello, J. (2011), Precarious Manhood and Its Links to Action and Aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 82-86.

Connell, R.W. (1987), Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics, Stanford University Press.

Connell, R.W. (1995), Masculinities. Cambridge, Polity Press; Sydney, Allen & Unwin; Berkeley, (Second ed.), University of California Press.

Cuxart, M. Roldán, S. Gismero, E. & Tellado, I. (2021), Evidence of Gender Violence Negative Impact on Health as a Lever to Change Adolescents' Attitudes and Preferences towards Dominant Traditional Masculinities. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(18), 9610

Dasgupta, S. D. (2002), A Framework for Understanding Women’s Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships. Violence Against Women, 8(11), 1364–1389.

Fischel-Wolovick, L. (2018), Traumatic Divorce and Separation: The Impact of Domestic Violence and Substance Abuse in Custody and Divorce. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fleming, P. Gruskin, S. Rojo, F. and Dworkin, S. (2015), Men's violence against women and men are inter-related: Recommendations for simultaneous intervention. Soc Sci Med., 146, 249-256.

Flood, M (2022), 'Toxic masculinity': what does it mean, where did it come from – and is the term useful or harmful? Theconversation.com, September 22, 2022. Retrieved https://theconversation.com/amp/toxic-masculinity-what-does-it-mean-where-did-it-come-from-and-is-the-term-useful-or-harmful-189298

Flood, M. Irvine, H. and Livingstone, M. (2018), The Man Box: a study on being a young man in Australia. Melbourne, AU: Jesuit Social Services.

French, D. (2019), The APA Can’t Spin its Way Out of its Attack on “Traditional masculinity.” National Review.

Galloway, A. (2005). Non-Probability Sampling. In: Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-369398-3.

Gilmore, D. (1990), Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity. Yale University Press.

Gonalons-Pons, P. & Gangl, M. (2021), Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries. American Sociological Review, 86(3), 465–502.

Greene, M. (2018), The man box: The link between emotional suppression and male violence. Good Men Project.

Garlick, N. (2020), Impact of shrinking space on women organizing in Jordan. Side, the Swedish international Development Cooperation Agency and Commissioned by The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation (Report).

Heilman, B. Barker, G. and Harrison, A. (2017), The Man Box: a study on being a young man in the US, UK, and Mexico. Washington, DC, and London: Promundo-US and Unilever.

Hill, A. Miller, E. Switzer, G. Yu, L. Heilman, B. Levtov, R. Vlahovicova, K. Espelage, D. Barker, G. and Coulter, R. (2020), Harmful masculinities among younger men in three countries: Psychometric study of the Man Box Scale. Preventive medicine, 139, 106185.

Keith, T. (2017), Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity. New York: Routledge.

Jewkes, R. Morrell, R. (2018), Hegemonic masculinity, violence, and gender equality: using latent class analysis to investigate the origins and correlates of differences between men. Men Masculinities 21(4), 547–571.

Lien, M. and Lorentzen, J. (2019), Violence against men in intimate relationships. In: Men's experiences of violence in intimate relationships. Palgrave studies in victims and victimology. Palgrave Macmillan.

Light, K. (2017), Gender identity: The search for self. Lucent Press.

Liu, W. (2017), Gender role conflict. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 711-713). SAGE Publications, Inc.,

Migliaccio, T. (2001), Marginalizing the battered male. Journal of Men’s Studies, 9(2), 205–226.

Pleck, J. (1983), Myth of masculinity, MIT press.

Sievens, M. (2004), Divorce, Patriarchal Authority, and Masculinity: A Case from Early National Vermont. Journal of Social History, 37(3), 651–661.

Snell, W. (1989), Development and validation of the Masculine Behavior Scale: A measure of behaviors stereotypically attributed to males vs. females. Sex Roles, 21, 749-767.

SIGI (2019), Economic violence against women (Position paper).

Tesser, Z. (2021), Examining the relationship between toxic masculinity and extreme violence through the lens of INCEL subculture. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland.

Waling, A. (2019), Problematizing “toxic” and “healthy” masculinity for addressing gender inequalities. Australian Feminist Studies, 34(101), 362–375.

Walker, A. Lyall, K. Silva, D. Craigie, G. Mayshak, R. Costa, B. Hyder, S. & Bentley, A. (2020), Male victims of female perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and reporting behaviors: A qualitative study. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(2), 213–223.