العلاقة بين النمط (د) في الشخصية وبعض المتغيرات النفسية ذات الدلالة التشخيصية لدى عينات سريرية وغير سريرية

Ibrahim bin Qasem Hakami

doi:10.35516/Hum.2026.9542

Authors

Ibrahim bin Qasem Hakami Department of Psychology - Faculty of Social Sciences Social Sciences, Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University (IMISU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4475-1302

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/Hum.2026.9542

Keywords:

Personality type (D), diagnostic significance, social anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms.

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the relationship between personality type (D) and some psychological variables related to diagnostic significance suchas social anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms. The study also aimed to reveal and reveal the differences in these variables in light of their interaction with personality type (D).

Methods: The study was conducted on clinical and non-clinical samples, consisting of (120) individuals, including (65) as a non-clinical sample from the staff of Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, and (55) from the outpatient clinic of Irada Complex as a clinical sample. To achieve the study’s objective, the Personality Type (D) Scale, the Beck Depression Scale, the Physical Complaints List, and the Social Anxiety Scale were used.

Results: The study results showed statistically significant positive associations between type (D) in its various dimensions and psychological variables (social anxiety in its multiple dimensions, depression, and somatic symptoms) that were statistically significant in the clinical sample. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences between the clinical sample and the non-clinical sample in type (D) in favor of the clinical sample. The study also revealed differences between high and low type (D) personality in social anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms in favor of high type (D) personality.

Conclusion: The study recommended using the Personality Type (D) scale as a test to measure an individual’s predisposition to be inflicted with mental illness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdel-Khalek, M. (2003). The somatic symptoms inventory (SSI). Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(7), 657–666.

Abdullah, I. (2017). Diagnostic implications of the inkblot test for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression at Al-Tijani Al-Mahi Hospital (Unpublished master’s thesis). College of Graduate Studies, Nilein University.

Abdul-M, R. (2014). Practicing cognitive behavioral therapy to alleviate social phobia in children of unknown parentage. Journal of All Social Workers, 51, 733–757.

Aktas, M. C., Ayhan, C. H., Aktas, S., & Tarakcı, A. S. (2024). The relation between typed personality features and social anxiety among individuals with alcohol and substance use disorders. Van Tip Dergisi, 31(3).

Al-Mashouh, S. A. (2016). Suicidal ideation and its relationship to depression, anger and shame experience among perpetrators of honor crimes in girls' care institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 42, 135–213.

Al-Mishaan, A. S. (2011). The relationship of psychological resilience to physical complaints, hope and extroversion among employees of both sexes in the government sector. Journal of Social Sciences, 39(3), 49–81.

Al-Qassem, L., & Al-Zaben, M. (2024). The relationship between social anxiety and suicidal ideation and the level of academic performance among a sample of Jordanian university students. Al-Balqa Journal of Studies and Research, 27(1), 151–172.

Al-Qezweny, M. N., Utens, E. M. W. J., Dulfer, K., Hazemeijer, B. A. F., van Geuns, R. J., Daemen, J., & van Domburg, R. (2016). The association between type D personality, and depression and anxiety ten years after PCI. Netherlands Heart Journal, 24, 538–543.

Al-Ruwaite, A. S. (2004). Three-dimensional scale for social fear. Thesis of Education and Psychology, 24, 9–43.

Al-Ruwaiti, A. S. (2004). Three-dimensional scale for social fear. Education and Psychology, 24, 9–43.

Al-Sawafia, J., & Al-Hana'i, A. (2024). Predicting the level of depression in a sample of cancer patients in light of some variables. Journal of Humanities, 34(4), 235–245.

Al-Shteiwi, W., & Al-Dhabyan, N. (2023). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 items (DASS-21): A descriptive study on a sample of adolescents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 7(42), 87–100.

Al-Shtewi, W., & Al-Dhabyan, N. (2023). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 items (DASS-21): A descriptive study on a sample of adolescents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 7(42), 87–100.

Aluja, A., Malas, O., Lucas, I., Worner, F., & Bascompte, R. (2019). Assessment of the Type D personality distress in coronary heart disease patients and healthy subjects in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 301–309.

Denollet, J. (2000). Type D personality: A potential risk factor refined. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(4), 255–266.

Denollet, J. (2005). DS14: Standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 89–97.

Gębska, M., Dalewski, B., Pałka, Ł., Kołodziej, Ł., & Sobolewska, E. (2022). Chronotype profile, stress, depression level, and temporomandibular symptoms in students with type D personality. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(7), 1886.

Gębska, M., Kołodziej, Ł., Dalewski, B., Pałka, Ł., & Sobolewska, E. (2021). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the stress levels and occurrence of stomatognathic system disorders (SSDs) among physiotherapy students in Poland. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(17), 3872.

Gharib, A. (2000). Factorial structure of the second Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) on an Egyptian sample of university students. Psychological Studies, Egyptian Association of Psychologists, 10(3), 18–49.

Giuliani, M., Santagostino Baldi, G., Capra, N., Bonomi, A., Marzorati, C., Sebri, V., & Trabattoni, D. (2024). The heart-mind relationship in women cardiovascular primary prevention: The role of depression, anxiety, distress and Type-D personality in the 10-year cardiovascular risk evaluation. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 11, 1308337.

Ibrahim, H. M., & Al-Ubaidi, A. (2024). Counter-realistic thinking and its relationship to social anxiety among university students. Journal of Anbar University for Humanities, 1, 480–515.

Idris, M. (2021). Quality of life and its relationship to social anxiety among Egyptian and Saudi female university students: A comparative cultural study. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, 1, 1–80.

Kılıçaslan, A. K., Yıldız, S., Kurt, O., & Korkmaz, S. (2024). Type D personality and self-esteem in conversion disorder: A case-control study. Journal of Health Science and Medicine, 4(6), 816–823.

Kupper, N., & Denollet, J. (2014). Type D personality is associated with social anxiety in the general population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 496–505.

Levy, A., Borkoles, E., & Polman, R. (2010). Type D personality and body image in men: The role of exercise status. Body Image, 7(1), 39–45.

Lodder, P., Kupper, N., Antens, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2021). A systematic review comparing two popular methods to assess a Type D personality effect. General Hospital Psychiatry, 71, 62–75.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343.

Malas, O., Boustani, N. M., Duradoni, M., Omotoso, D., Avşar, A. Ş., Shyroka, A.,... & Tolsá, M. D. (2024). Links between vaccination fear, anxiety, alexithymia, and Type D personality-related vaccination decisions: A network analysis in a multicultural sample. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 761.

Martens, E. J., de Jonge, P., Denollet, J., & Roest, A. M. (2010). Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(1), 38–46.

Marwaha, S., Palmer, E., Suppes, T., Cons, E., Young, A. H., & Upthegrove, R. (2023). Novel and emerging treatments for major depression. The Lancet, 401(10371), 141–153.

Mommersteeg, P. M., Denollet, J., & Martens, E. J. (2012). Type D personality, depressive symptoms, and work-related health outcomes. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 40(1), 35–42.

Moradi, S., Amrei, M. T., Janbabai, G., & Zamani, F. (2020). Type D personality and its relationship with perceived stress among women with breast cancer attending a referral center in northern Iran in 2017. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 14(3).

Morey, L. C., Shea, M. T., Markowitz, J. C., Stout, R. L., Hopwood, C. J., Gunderson, J. G.,... & Skodol, A. E. (2010). State effects of major depression on the assessment of personality and personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 528–535.

Najjar, F. F., & Breik, W. D. (2020). Personality type (D) and levels of anxiety and depression in a sample of heart patients and their non-patient counterparts. Al-Balqa Journal of Research and Studies, 23(2), 51–63.

O’Riordan, A., Howard, S., Brown, E., & Gallagher, S. (2020). Type D personality and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress: The mediating effects of social support and negative social relationships. Psychophysiology, 57(11), e13660.

O'Brien, E. (2019). Enjoy it again: Repeat experiences are less repetitive than people think. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(4), 519–540.

Park, W., & Jeong, S. (2013). 2617–Association between Type D personality and the somatic symptom complaints in depressive patients. European Psychiatry, 28, 1.

Pérez-Padilla, J., Ayala-Nunes, L., Hidalgo, M. V., Nunes, C., Lemos, I., & Menéndez, S. (2017). Parenting and stress: A study with Spanish and Portuguese at-risk families. International Social Work, 60(4), 1001–1014.

Perros, P., Nagy, E. V., Papini, E., Abad-Madroñero, J., Lakwijk, P., Poots, A. J.,... & Hegedüs, L. (2024). Hypothyroidism and Type D personality: Results from E-MPATHY, a cross-sectional international online patient survey. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae140

Pignon, B., Wiernik, E., Kab, S., Matta, J., Toussaint, A., Löewe, B.,... & Lemogne, C. (2024). Somatic Symptom Disorder–B Criteria Scale (SSD-12): Psychometric properties of the French version and associations with health outcomes in a population-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 176, 111556.

Qassem, A., & Al-Yamani, I. (2021). Type (D) in personality in a clinical sample of social phobia patients and a non-clinical sample: A correlational and comparative study. Journal of the Islamic University for Educational and Social Sciences, 7, 131–177.

Rahardjo, W., & Mulyani, I. (2020). Instagram addiction in teenagers: The role of Type D personality, self-esteem, and fear of missing out. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 5(1), 29–44.

Rum, R., Birg, J. A., Silva, G., Rottenberg, J., Clayson, P. E., & Goodman, F. R. (2024). Social motivation differentiates social anxiety and depression: A daily diary study. Behavior Therapy, 55(4), 698–711.

Sereflican, B., Tuman, T. C., Tuman, B. A., & Parlak, A. H. (2019). Type D personality, anxiety sensitivity, social anxiety, and disability in patients with acne: A cross-sectional controlled study. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 36(1), 51–57.

Stanton, K., Brown, M. F., Bucher, M. A., Balling, C., & Samuel, D. B. (2019). Self-ratings of personality pathology: Insights regarding their validity and treatment utility. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 6, 299–311.

Sumin, A. N., Prokashko, I. Y., & Shcheglova, A. V. (2022). Evaluation of coping strategies among students with Type D personality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4918.

Topal, İ., & Tuman, T. C. (2023). The impact of Type D personality traits on quality of life, sleep, anxiety, and depression in fibromyalgia patients: A comparative study with healthy controls. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 30(3), 12–23.

Tuman, T. C. (2022). The effect of Type D personality on anxiety, depression and fear of COVID-19 disease in healthcare workers. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 77(3), 177–184.

van Dooren, F. E., Verhey, F. R., Pouwer, F., Schalkwijk, C. G., Sep, S. J., Stehouwer, C. D.,... & Denollet, J. (2016). Association of Type D personality with increased vulnerability to depression: Is there a role for inflammation or endothelial dysfunction? The Maastricht Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 118–125.

van Starrenburg, M. L. A., Kuijpers, R. C. W. M., Hutschemaekers, G. J. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013). Effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of a group-based cognitive behavioral therapy-based indicative prevention program for children with elevated anxiety levels. BMC Psychiatry, 13, Article 183.

Vaughan, A. M., & Perone, S. (2025). The moderating role of reactive control of the association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in emerging adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 233, 112899.

Versteeg, H., Spek, V., Pedersen, S. S., & Denollet, J. (2011). Type D personality and health status in cardiovascular disease populations: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 19(6), 1373–1380.

Yoon, D. H., Kim, S. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, P. M., Park, D. H., Ryu, S. H.,... & Ha, J. H. (2015). The relationship between Type D personality and suicidality in low-income, middle-aged adults. Psychiatry Investigation, 12(1), 16–22.