The Culture and Gender Differences in Stigma of Spinsterhood: Cross- Culture Study  (Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia )

نيرة  شوشة; راقية  الدويك; مريم  سعداوي; دينا  مسعد

doi:10.35516/hum.v49i4.2032

المؤلفون

نيرة شوشة جامعة القاهرة
راقية الدويك جامعة الإمام عبد الرحمن بن فيصل
مريم سعداوي المركز الجامعي بأفلو- الأغواط
دينا مسعد الجامعة البريطانية

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i4.2032

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الجندر، الوصمة، الثقافة، العنوسة، العالم العربي

الملخص

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى دراسة أبعاد وصمة العنوسة وتباينها وفقًا لكل من الفروق الثقافية (في كل من مصر والجزائر والسعودية) وكذلك الفروق الجندرية. تكونت عينة الدراسة من (740) مشاركًا، (233 من الذكور، و507 من الإناث). تم تطبيق مقياس وصمة العنوسة كما يدركها المجتمع، ومقياس أبعاد التنوع الثقافي لهوفشتيد (مسافات القوى، والرجولية، وتجنب عدم اليقين، والتوجه طويل الأمد، والتساهل). كشفت النتائج وجود فروق جوهرية بين مصر والجزائر والسعودية في أبعاد التنوع الثقافي، كما ظهرت فروق جوهرية عبر ثقافية في وصمة العنوسة كما يدركها المجتمع في اتجاه الثقافة الجزائرية. وتبين أن الرجال أكثر وصمة للنساء اللاتي لم يتزوجن بالعنوسة مقارنة بالإناث. وأوضحت النتائج وجود تأثير جوهرى للتفاعل بين الثقافة والجندر في وصمة العنوسة كما يدركها المجتمع.

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

المراجع

Bedi, A. S. (2016). Hofstede's model: cultural differences in hospitality sector and experiences of a migrant. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 5(5).

Brady, C. (2016). Decreasing obesity and obesity stigma: socio-demographic differences in beliefs about causes of and responsibility for obesity. Social Sciences, 5(1), 12.

Byrne, A., & Carr, D. (2005). Caught in the cultural lag: The stigma of singlehood. Psychological Inquiry, 16(2/3), 84-91.

Carr, D., & Friedman, M. A. (2006). Body weight and the quality of interpersonal relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69 (2), 127-149.‏

Čeněk, J. (2013). Gender stereotypes in organizations. The Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, (1), 30-36.

Darrington, J., Piercy, K. W., & Niehuis, S. (2005). The social and cultural construction of singlehood among young, single Mormons. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 639-661.

DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L. (2006). The unrecognized stereotyping and discrimination against singles. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 251-254.

DePaulo, B. M. (2011). Singlism: What it is, why it matters, and how to stop it. Charleston, NC: Double Door Books

Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual review of psychology, 69, 275- 298.

Feldman, R. (2011). Understanding psychology (10 th). New York, NY, England: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.

Frame, A. (2017). What future for the concept of culture in the social sciences? Epistémè, 17, 151-72.

Guez, W. & Allen, J. (2000). Module 5: gender sensitivity. Zambia: UNESCO.

Hameed, S. (2018). To be young, unmarried, rural, and female: Intersections of sexual and reproductive health and rights in the Maldives. Reproductive Health Matters, 26(54), 61-71.

Hancock, L. L. (2017). How women experience and respond to singlism: Stereotyping and discrimination of singles. Doctoral Dissertation, College of social and behavioral sciences, Walden University.

Henrich, J. (2015). Culture and social behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 84-89.

Hodgetts, R. M., Luthans, F., & Doh, J. P. (2006). International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. McGraw-Hill Companies.

Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2(1), 8.

Kazdin, A. E (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology .Vol. 3, pp. 10517-106. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.‏

Kerkhoven, A. H., Russo, P., Land-Zandstra, A. M., Saxena, A., & Rodenburg, F. J. (2016). Gender stereotypes in science education resources: A visual content analysis. PloS one, 11,11.

Khastar, H., Kalhorian, R., Khalouei, G. A., & Maleki, M. (2011). Levels of Analysis and Hofstede's Theory of Cultural Differences: The Place of Ethnic Culture in Organizations. International conference on financial management and economics .Vol. 11, pp. 320-323.

Konstam, V., Karwin, S., Curran, T., Lyons, M., & Celen-Demirtas, S. (2016). Stigma and divorce: A relevant lens for emerging and young adult women? Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 57(3), 173-194.

Lai, A.L., Lim, M. & Higgins, M. (2015) The abject single: exploring the gendered experience of singleness in Britain, Journal of Marketing Management, 31(15-16), 1559-1582.

Lee, S. (2018). Removing the stigma of divorce: Happiness before and after remarriage (No. 961). SOE papers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research.

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 27(1), 363-385.

Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia bulletin, 30(3), 511-541.

Major, B., & O'brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 393-421.‏

Marcén, M., & Morales, M. (2017). Remain single or live together: Does culture matter?

Matijević, S., Vrdoljak Raguž, I., & Filipovıć, D. (2015). The role of national culture in contemporary business environment. DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting. 2(1), 457-469. Sveučilište u Dubrovniku.

Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and Psychology, United States of America: Linda Schreiber Ganster.

Mattila, L. (2016). Cultural values and diversity management perspectives: Testing the impact of cultural values on the diversity management perspectives in Sierra Leone, Germany and Finland.

Mohamed, A. A., Saad, M. & Magdy, M. A. (2019). The Construction and Validation of a New Hepatitis C Virus Social Stigma in the Workplace Scale. Psychology, Community & Health, 8(1), 1-13.

Morris, W. L., Sinclair, S. & DePaulo, B. M. (2007). No Shelter for Singles: The Perceived Legitimacy of Marital Status Discrimination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 457–470.

Parker, L. (2016) .The theory and context of the stigmatisation of widows and divorcees (janda) in Indonesia,Indonesia and the Malay World, 44:128, 7-26,

Pignotti, M., & Abell, N. (2009). The negative stereotyping of single persons scale: Initial psychometric development. Research on Social Work Practice, 19(5), 639-652.

Saili, J., & Saili, A. R. (2018). At odds: Perceived stigma of single professional Malay women. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(14), 79-90.

World Health Organization. (2012). Gender, equity and human rights at the core of the health response. Available from9102012.