وظِيفِيَّةُ التَّطابُقِ النَّحْوِيِّ في رَسَائِلِ النَّبيِّ ﷺ والْخُلَفَاءِ وخُطَبهم وَامْتِدادُهُ الدَّلَالِيُّ في ظَوَاهِرِ اللُّغَةِ

Othman Salem Qawaqzeh

doi:10.35516/Hum.2026.9140

Authors

Othman Salem Qawaqzeh Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Languages, University of Jordan, Aqaba, Jordan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0165-0789

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/Hum.2026.9140

Keywords:

Correspondence, semantics, letters of the Prophet, caliphs, linguistic phenomena, functional

Abstract

Objectives: The study aims to clarify the functional role of grammatical agreement in the letters and speeches of the Prophet and the Caliphs and its semantic impact on the text and sentence. Additionally, to explore linguistic phenomena closely related to agreement, such as the phenomenon of predominance (taghlib), the severed adjective (na‘t maqtu‘), and agreement by position (al-ittiba‘ ‘ala al-mahal), in order to highlight their semantic and structural dimensions.

Methods: This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. It employs the descriptive method to survey instances of agreement in the letters and speeches of the Prophet and the Caliphs and utilizes the analytical method to examine these instances in depth.

Results: The letters and speeches of the Prophet ﷺ and the Caliphs showcase grammatical agreement’s role in conveying meanings like emphasis, clarification, and generalization. Bound morphemes such as tā’ al-mukhāṭaba, nūn al-niswa, and yā’ al-mukhāṭaba serve as feminine markers after indicating agency. Agreement influences linguistic phenomena like taghlib (predominance), na‘t maqtu‘ (severed adjective), and taswiyah (equivalence), shaping meaning and enhancing textual rhythm. Deviations in number suggest iltifāt (grammatical shift), transitioning from plural to singular, as seen in rijālun kathīr ("many men") and mashyakhatun fāniyah ("a declining sheikhdom").

Conclusion: The study concludes that grammatical agreement has significant semantic and functional implications in the letters of the Caliphs. Its influence extends to various linguistic phenomena, including predominance (taghlib) and agreement by position (al-ittiba‘ ‘ala al-mahal).

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